Diving as a Scientist: Training, Recognition, Occupation - The “Science Diver” Project

THE INTERPRETATION OF ISLAM WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE INDIGENOUS MALAYA

Journal of Governance and Integrity ◽

10.15282/jgi.4.2.2021.5794 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Datuk Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Ahmad Fauzi Wan Husain

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Study ◽

Legal History ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Public Prosecutor ◽

The Public ◽

Accurate Interpretation ◽

Federal Constitution ◽

Indigenous Sovereignty

This article attempts to explore the Islamic interpretation within the legal framework of the Malayan indigenous sovereignty. The position of Islam within the country’s legal framework became important when the Court’s decision in Che Omar Che Soh vs the Public Prosecutor, made the sovereignty of the Malay Rulers as a parameter in interpreting Islam within the context of Article 3 of the Federal Constitution. This is a qualitative study applying the legal history design. The findings showed the indigenous sovereignty was sourced from the Islamic teachings which had not been dissolved despite the introduction of the doctrine of advice by the British. Besides, the agreement made between the Malay Rulers and the British retained the indigenous sovereignty despite of various policies introduced by the British throughout their interference in Malaya which was subjected to the old Malayan Constitution. In conclusion, the accurate interpretation of Islam should be based on the al-Qur'an and al-Sunnah because it is in line with the principle of the indigenous sovereignty inherited from the Malay Sultanate of Malacca.

Our universities away from partisan Altsarat

مجلة العلوم السياسية ◽

10.30907/jj.v0i51.97 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

أ.د.عبد الجبار احمد عبد الله

Keyword(s):

Political Parties ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Public Institutions ◽

Political Organization ◽

Moral Duty ◽

The Political ◽

Public Office ◽

State Institutions ◽

The Public ◽

The University

In order to codify the political and partisan activity in Iraq, after a difficult labor, the Political Parties Law No. (36) for the year 2015 started and this is positive because it is not normal for the political parties and forces in Iraq to continue without a legal framework. Article (24) / paragraph (5) of the law requires that the party and its members commit themselves to the following: (To preserve the neutrality of the public office and public institutions and not to exploit it for the gains of a party or political organization). This is considered because it is illegal to exploit State institutions for partisan purposes . It is a moral duty before the politician not to exploit the political parties or some of its members or those who try to speak on their behalf directly or indirectly to achieve partisan gains. Or personality against other personalities and parties at the expense of the university entity.

The Legal Framework of Islamic Criminal Law in Aceh with refer-ence to Application, Challenges and Way Forward (Kerangka undang-undang jenayah Islam di Aceh merujuk kepada aplikasi, cabaran dan jalan kehadapan)

Journal of Islam in Asia <span style="font-size: 0.6em">(E-ISSN: 2289-8077)</span> ◽

10.31436/jia.v15i3.706 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 300-314

Author(s):

Ramizah Wan Muhammad ◽

Khairunnasriah Abdul Salam ◽

Afridah Abbas ◽

Nasimah Hussin

Keyword(s):

Criminal Law ◽

Islamic Law ◽

Central Government ◽

Legal Framework ◽

The Public ◽

Banking And Finance ◽

Procedural Law ◽

Legal Administration ◽

Criminal Matters ◽

And Training

Aceh is a special province in Indonesia and different from other Indonesian provinces especially in the context of Shari'ah related laws. Aceh was granted special autonomy and legal right by the Indonesian central government in 2001 to fully apply Islamic law in the province. Generally, Islamic law which is applicable to Muslims in Indonesia is limited to personal laws just as in Malaysia. However, with the passage of time, Islamic law has expanded to include Islamic banking and finance. Besides that, Islamic law in Aceh is also extended to govern criminal matters which are in line with the motto of Aceh Islamic government to apply Islamic law in total or kaffah. Since 1999, the legal administration of Aceh has begun to gradually put in place the institutional framework to ensure that Islamic law is properly administered and implemented. Equally important, such framework is also aimed to ensure that punishments are fairly executed. This paper attempts to analyse the extent of the applicability of Islamic criminal law in Aceh. It is divided into three major parts. The first part discusses the phases in making Aceh an Islamic province and the roles played by Dinas Syariat Islam Aceh as the policy maker in implementing Islamic law as well as educating and training the public about the religion of Islam. The second part gives an overview on the Islamic criminal law and punishment provided in Qanun Aceh No.6/2014 on Hukum Jinayat (hereinafter Qanun Hukum Jinayat or “QHJ”) as well as the criminal procedural law concerning the methods of proof codified in Qanun Aceh No.7/2013 on Hukum Acara Jinayat (hereinafter “QAJ”). The third part of this paper highlights the challenges in the application and implementation of Islamic criminal law in Aceh, and accordingly provides recommendations for the improvement of the provisions in the QHJ and QAJ. Inputs from the interviews with the drafters of QHJ, namely Prof. Dr. Hamid Sarong and Prof. Dr Al Yasa are utilized in preparing this paper. In addition, inputs gathered from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), namely Indonesian Syarie Lawyers Association (APSI) and Jaringan Masyarakat Sipil Peduli Syariah (JMSPS) are employed. The findings of this research are important in providing an in-depth understanding on the framework of Islamic criminal law in Aceh as well as in recognizing the flaws in its application or practical aspects of the law in Aceh. Keywords: Islamic law, Aceh, Administration, Punishment. Abstrak Aceh merupakan sebuah Wilayah Istimewa di Indonesia dibandingkan dengan wilayah-wilayah lain dari segi pelaksanaan undang-undang Islam. Aceh diberi status Wilayah Istimewa yang berautonomi oleh Pemerintah Pusat Indonesia pada tahun 2001 untuk melaksanakan undang-undang Islam secara menyeluruh. Pemakaian dan pelaksanaan undang-undang Islam di Aceh tidak terhad pada Undang-undang jenayah tetapi telah meliputi bidang perbankan dan kewangan Islam. Sejak tahun 1999, Pentadbiran Undang-undang Aceh telah merangka undang-undang bagi memastikan undang-undang Islam dapat ditadbir dan dilaksanakan dengan baik. Selain itu juga, undang-undang yang dirangka juga turut bertujuan untuk memastikan hukuman yang berasaskan undang-undang Islam dapat dilaksanakan secara adil. Oleh itu, kajian dalam kertas kerja ini dibuat uuntuk menganalisa sejauh mana undang-undang jenayah Islam dilaksanakan di Aceh. Kertas ini terbahagi kepada tiga bahagan utama, yang mana bahagian pertama membincangkan latas belakang awal kewujudan wilayah Islam Aceh dan peranan yang dimainkan oleh Dinas Syariat Islam Aceh sebagai mpembuat dasar dalam pelaksanaan undang-undang Islam, mendidik serta menyediakan latihan kepada masyarakat umum di Aceh mengenai Islam. Bahagian kedua menyediakan gambaran umum tentang undang-undang jenayah dan hukuman dalam Islam sebagaimana termaktub dalam Qanun Aceh No.6/2014 berkenaan Hukum Jinayat (“Qanun Hukum Jinayat” atau “QHJ”) serta undang-undang prosedur jenayah berkenaan cara pembuktiaan jenayah sebagaimana yag termaktub dalam Qanun Aceh No.7/2013 berkenaan Hukum Acara Jinayat (“QAJ”). Bahagian ketiga kertas ini menekankan masalah atau cabaran yang dihadapi daam pelaksanaan undang-undang jenayah Islam di Aceh, serta menyediakan cadangan-cadangan bagi penambahbaikan peruntukan-peruntukan yang ada dalam QHJ dan QAJ. Maklumat hasil dari temuramah dengan Prof. Dr. Hamid Sarong dan Prof. Dr Al Yasa telah digunakan bagi menyiapkan makalah ini. Selain itu, maklumat yang diperolehi daripada organisasi bukan kerajaan iaitu Indonesian Syarie Lawyers Association (APSI) dan Jaringan Masyarakat Sipil Peduli Syariah (JMSPS) turut dimanfaatkan. Dapatan dari kajian ini penting bagi menyediakan kefahaman terhadap kerangka undang-undang jenayah Islam di Aceh serta mengenal pasti masalah dalam aspek peruntukan undang-undang tersebut atau pelaksanaannya di Aceh. Kata Kunci: Undang-undang Islam, Aceh, Pentadbiran, Hukuman.

Making the Invisible Visible: Underwater Malta—A Virtual Museum for Submerged Cultural Heritage

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13081558 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1558

Author(s):

Timmy Gambin ◽

Kari Hyttinen ◽

Maja Sausmekat ◽

John Wood

Keyword(s):

Cultural Heritage ◽

Public Access ◽

Human Interaction ◽

Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽

Virtual Museum ◽

Underwater Imaging ◽

Human Occupation ◽

The Public ◽

3D Photogrammetry ◽

Underwater Sites

The seabed can be considered as the world’s largest museum, and underwater sites explored and studied so far provide priceless information on human interaction with the sea. In recognition of the importance of this cultural resource, UNESCO, in its 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, determined that objects/sites should be preserved in situ, whilst also advocating for public access and sharing. The implementation of these principles is not without difficulties. Some states have opened up underwater sites to the public—mainly through diving, yet the vast majority of the world’s population does not dive. In Malta, 7000 years of human occupation is reflected in and on the landscape, and recent offshore surveys show that the islands’ long and complex history has also left an indelible mark on the seabed. Besides difficulties related to their protection and management, these sites also present a challenge with regard to sharing and communicating. Recent advances in underwater imaging and processing software have accelerated the development of 3D photogrammetry of submerged sites and the idea for a virtual museum was born. The virtual museum, UnderwaterMalta, was created out of a need to share the plethora of underwater sites located on the seabed of the Maltese Islands. A multitude of digital tools are used to share and communicate these sites, offering visitors a dry dive into submerged sites that would otherwise remain invisible to the vast majority of the public. This paper discusses the basic principle of the sharing of underwater cultural heritage and the difficulties that beset the implementation of such a principle. A detailed explanation and evaluation of the methods used to gather the raw data needed is set in the context of the particular and unique working conditions related to deep water sites. The workings of this paper are based on first-hand experiences garnered through the recording of numerous wrecks over the years and the creation and launch of The Virtual Museum-Underwater Malta—a comprehensive virtual museum specifically built for “displaying” underwater archaeological sites that are otherwise invisible to the general public.

Barriers to Biosimilar Prescribing Incentives in the Context of Clinical Governance in Spain

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14030283 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 283

Author(s):

Félix Lobo ◽

Isabel Río-Álvarez

Keyword(s):

Health Services ◽

Trade Unions ◽

National Level ◽

Professional Associations ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Clinical Governance ◽

Monetary Incentives ◽

Public System ◽

The Public ◽

Micro Level

Incentives contribute to the proper functioning of the broader contracts that regulate the relationships between health systems and professionals. Likewise, incentives are an important element of clinical governance understood as health services’ management at the micro-level, aimed at achieving better health outcomes for patients. In Spain, monetary and non-monetary incentives are sometimes used in the health services, but not as frequently as in other countries. There are already several examples in European countries of initiatives searching the promotion of biosimilars through different sorts of incentives, but not in Spain. Hence, this paper is aimed at identifying the barriers that incentives to prescribe biosimilars might encounter in Spain, with particular interest in incentives in the framework of clinical governance. Both questions are intertwined. Barriers are presented from two perspectives. Firstly, based on the nature of the barrier: (i) the payment system for health professionals, (ii) budget rigidity and excessive bureaucracy, (iii) little autonomy in the management of human resources (iv) lack of clinical integration, (v) absence of a legal framework for clinical governance, and (vi) other governance-related barriers. The second perspective is based on the stakeholders involved: (i) gaps in knowledge among physicians, (ii) misinformation and distrust among patients, (iii) trade unions opposition to productivity-related payments, (iv) lack of a clear position by professional associations, and (v) misalignment of the goals pursued by some healthcare professionals and the goals of the public system. Finally, the authors advance several recommendations to overcome these barriers at the national level.

The Legal Framework for Foundations in the Habsburg Monarchy from 1750 to 1918

Endowment Studies ◽

10.1163/24685968-00102003 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 154-172

Author(s):

Gabriele Schneider

Keyword(s):

Public Good ◽

Legal System ◽

Legal Framework ◽

The State ◽

Habsburg Monarchy ◽

The Public ◽

Regulation And Supervision ◽

Role Of The State ◽

The Law

Foundations, as permanent funds established by a certain legal act, can serve manifold purposes, but often pursue charitable goals. As such, they play an important role for the public good. Therefore, states always had an interest in fostering foundations by providing a pertinent legal framework. In Austria, this topic has not yet been the focus of scholarship. Through this study some light is shed on the implementation of the law on foundations in the Habsburg Monarchy. It focuses on the role of the state and its legal system regarding the regulation and supervision of foundations from 1750 to 1918. This period is characterized by the sovereigns’ endeavor to regulate the position of foundations via extensive legislation. In particular, a system of oversight for foundations was created in order to guarantee the attainment of their charitable goals. In fact, this system prevailed until the end of the 20thcentury.

Ethical and Legal Implications of Elective Ventilation and Organ Transplantation: “Medicalization” of Dying versus Medical Mission

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/973758 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Paola Frati ◽

Vittorio Fineschi ◽

Matteo Gulino ◽

Gianluca Montanari Vergallo ◽

Natale Mario Di Luca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organ Donation ◽

Organ Donor ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Organ Donors ◽

Organ Perfusion ◽

Medical Mission ◽

Legal Implications ◽

Legal Context ◽

Successful Transplantation ◽

Italian Context

A critical controversy surrounds the type of allowable interventions to be carried out in patients who are potential organ donors, in an attempt to improve organ perfusion and successful transplantation. The main goal is to transplant an organ in conditions as close as possible to its physiological live state. “Elective ventilation” (EV), that is, the use of ventilation for the sole purpose of retrieving the organs of patients close to death, is an option which offsets the shortage of organ donation. We have analyzed the legal context of the dying process of the organ donor and the feasibility of EV in the Italian context. There is no legal framework regulating the practice of EV, neither is any real information given to the general public. A public debate has yet to be initiated. In the Italian cultural and legislative scenario, we believe that, under some circumstances (i.e., the expressed wishes of the patient, even in the form of advance directives), the use of EV does not violate the principle of beneficence. We believe that the crux of the matter lies in the need to explore the real determination and will of the patient and his/her orientation towards the specific aim of organ donation.

Opening a Path towards Sustainable Corporate Behaviour: Public Participation in Criminal Environmental Proceedings

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13147886 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 7886

Author(s):

Pavel Kotlán ◽

Alena Kozlová ◽

Zuzana Machová

Keyword(s):

Public Participation ◽

Criminal Liability ◽

Active Role ◽

Legal Framework ◽

The European Union ◽

Criminal Proceedings ◽

Human Rights Protection ◽

The Public ◽

Governmental Organizations ◽

Non Governmental Organizations

Establishing criminal liability for environmental offences remains daunting, particularly with regard to the ‘no plaintiff—no judge’ element as a result of which the public seems to be ultimately deprived of the possibility to participate in criminal environmental proceedings. While there is arguably a lack of specific instruments at the European Union (EU) level which would prescribe such legal obligation on the part of the State, there has been a shift in understanding the role of the public and its participation in criminal liability cases, namely under the auspices of the so-called effective investigation and the concept of rights of victims in general. Using the example of the Czech Republic as a point of reference, this article aims to assess the relevant legal developments at both EU and Czech levels to illustrate why the non-governmental organizations (NGOs), essentially acting as public agents, should be granted an active role in environmental criminal proceedings. After examining the applicable legal framework and case law development, the article concludes that effective investigation indeed stands as a valid legal basis for human rights protection which incorporates an entitlement to public participation. Despite that, this pro-active shift is far from being applied in practice, implying that the legislation remains silent where it should be the loudest, and causing unsustainable behaviour of companies.

La protección de la lengua castellana en el marco del multiparlamentarismo autonómico: el acceso a la información pública en español en la web oficial de los Parlamentos autonómicos // The protection of the Spanish language in the framework of the regional parliaments: the access in Spanish to the public information on their official websites

Revista de Derecho Político ◽

10.5944/rdp.102.2018.22391 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (102) ◽

pp. 155

Author(s):

Ainhoa Uribe Otalora

Keyword(s):

Mother Tongue ◽

Public Information ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Spanish Language ◽

Public Access ◽

Official Language ◽

Public Authorities ◽

The Public ◽

Good Government ◽

Estudio De Caso

Resumen:La Constitución española establece en su artículo 3 que el castellano es la lengua oficial del Estado, al tiempo que reconoce la existencia de un plurilingüismo. Sin embargo, existen territorios donde los ciudadanos se enfrentan a una situación desigual a la hora de emplear el castellano como lengua vehicular. Esta situación es aún más grave si la desigualdad procede de los poderes públicos. El artículo es un estudio de caso del acceso a la información pública en lengua castellana, no en vano, junto al mandato del artículo 3 CE, el artículo 9 CE obliga a los poderes públicos a publicar las normas (lo que supone publicarlas también en español), al tiempo que el principio de publicidad se vio reforzado por la aprobación de la Ley 19/2013, de 9 de diciembre, de Transparencia, Acceso a la Información Pública y Buen Gobierno, y por las respectivas leyes de transparencia autonómicas, que regulan el acceso de los ciudadanos a la información pública. Dicho acceso a la documentación de carácter público debe hacerse, por ende, en la lengua oficial del país, así como en las lenguas cooficiales en sus respectivos territorios. Por ello, el artículo analiza el mayor o menor grado de acceso en lengua castellana a los documentos que publican ensu página web los distintos parlamentos autonómicos, sean de naturaleza legal, política, económica o de otro tipo. En consecuencia, aquí se realiza un estudio de caso centrado en las seis Cámaras autonómicas con lenguas cooficiales, para verificar el grado de cumplimiento del artículo 3 CE, el artículo 9 CE, y el el artículo 12 de la Ley 19/2013, de 9 de diciembre, de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno. Son los siguientes: 1) El Parlamento Vasco (Eusko Legebiltzarra); 2) el Parlamento Navarro (Nafarroako Parlamentua); 3) el Parlamento Catalán (Parlament de Catalunya); 4) el Parlamento Valenciano (Corts Valencianes); 5) el Parlamento de Baleares (Parlament de les Illes Balears); y 6) el Parlamento Gallego (Parlamento de Galicia). El objetivo último de la presente investigación es abordar unas conclusiones que permitan fortalecer y hacer cumplir el mandato constitucional, así como permitir a los ciudadanos hacer uso de su lengua oficial.Summary:I. Introduction: Approach of the Study Object. II. Legal Approach to the question. 2.1. The article 3 of the Constitution: background and meaning. 2.2. The constitutional principles of multilinguism. 2.3. The regional legal framework of bilingualism 2.4. Jurisprudence on the Spanish language. 2.5. The right to get access to law and public information in Spanish language. III. The praxis of the regional parliaments in the compliance with the article 3CE, the art. 9 CE, and the art. 12 of the Act of Transparency. IV. Conclusions. V. Bibliography.Abstract:The Spanish Constitution establishes in the article 3 that the Spanish is the official language of the State. It also enshrines the existence of mutilinguism in the country. However, there are some territories where citizens face inequalities when using Spanish as their mother tongue. This situation is even harder if the inequalities come from public powers. The article focuses on the citizens’ access to public information in Spanish. In fact, not only the Spanish is the official language (art. 3 CE), but also the article 9 of the Constitution forces the public authorities to publish laws (which means also to publish them in Spanish), as well as the Act of Transparency, Access to Public Information and Good Government (Ley 19/2013) enables citizens to get access to public information (which means to access to the documents also in Spanish). Hence, the articleanalyses the level of public access in Spanish to the documents uploaded on the websites of the regional parliaments. Therefore, it is a case study focused on the six regional parliaments with more than one official language. They are the following ones: 1) The Basque Parliament (Eusko Legebiltzarra); 2) the Parliament of Navarra (Nafarroako Parlamentua); 3) the Parliament of Catalonia (Parlament de Catalunya); 4) the Valencian Parliament (Corts Valencianes); 5) the Parliament of the Balearic Islands (Parlament de les Illes Balears); and 6) the Galician Parliament (Parlamento de Galicia). It will study the level of compliance with the article 3 and 9 of the Constitution and the article 12 of the Act of Transparency, Access to Public Information and Good Government (Ley 19/2013). The aim of the article is to get to conclusions that enable the legislator to strengthen and force the compliance with the constitutional mandate, as well as to empower citizens to use the official language.

FORCE MAJEURE DISRUPTIONS OF TOURIST SERVICES BY THE TOUR OPERATOR "JOIN UP!" IN 2018

GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM ◽

10.17721/2308-135x.2019.47.69-87 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 69-87

Author(s):

Mikhailо Yosypovych Rutynskyi ◽

Ksenia Volodymyrivna Skrypayi

Keyword(s):

Statistical Processing ◽

Scientific Work ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Sociological Research ◽

The Public ◽

Service Programs ◽

Force Majeure ◽

Analysis And Synthesis ◽

Tour Operator ◽

Made In

The purpose. The urgency of the presented scientific work is that the study of risks and force majeure disruptions of tourist services by the tourist operator "Join Up!" Will prevent their further occurrence. The object of research is the travel company "Join Up!". The purpose of the study: to investigate the reasons for the failure of service programs and the dynamics of the number of victims, to analyze the public resonance and the consequences of the failure of the programs and to make a prediction of the image losses of the tour operator "Join Up!" іn 2018 and 2019. Methods. The research uses the method of sociological research, methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis, the method of grouping, generalization, statistical processing of output data. Results. The essence of force majeure circumstances is characterized; analyzed the main risks of tourist activity and disruptions to the programs of service of tour operator "Join Up!" that took place in 2018. Scientific novelty. The reasons of disruption of service programs and dynamics of the number of suffered people were investigated; the public resonance has been analyzed and the consequences of failure of service programs have been assessed; the forecast of the image losses of the tour operator "Join Up!" is made in 2018 and 2019. Practical significance. The specific recommendations for restoring the lost trust of the victims and potential clients of the "Join Up!" Company are offered.