scholarly journals Fecal Virome Transplantation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Lin ◽  
Henry C. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Established Role

The gut virome consists of a large population of eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses that have an emerging role in human health and disease. Growing evidence for the importance of the virome includes recent findings on fecal virome transplantation (FVT) that suggest FVT may have therapeutic potential for the resolution of dysbiosis and treatment of dysbiosis-related disorders. Most viruses in the gut virome are bacteriophages (phages), which have a well-established role in regulating bacterial communities across environments. Phages also influence health and disease by interacting directly with the host immune system. The full extent to which gut phages should be considered as both a target and a tool for microbiome modulation remains to be seen. This chapter will explore the current understanding of the gut virome and the therapeutic potential for FVT.

scholarly journals The Human Microbiome: History and Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 406-411
Author(s):  
Wallace Hayes ◽  
Saura Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Made In

The microbiome plays an important role in human health and disease. Our current understanding of the human microbiome is limited. A significant amount of progress has been made in this area of research in the last two decades. The human microbiome plays an important role in host metabolism and physiology. Recent studies suggest a critical relationship between the human microbiome and host metabolism. The interactions between the microbiome and host metabolism affect human health and disease. However, this review of the literature indicates that more studies are required using new technologies to have a greater understanding of the role the human microbiome plays in human health and disease.

scholarly journals Bacteriophages: Uncharacterized and Dynamic Regulators of the Immune System

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anshul Sinha ◽  
Corinne F. Maurice
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Many

The human gut is an extremely active immunological site interfacing with the densest microbial community known to colonize the human body, the gut microbiota. Despite tremendous advances in our comprehension of how the gut microbiota is involved in human health and interacts with the mammalian immune system, most studies are incomplete as they typically do not consider bacteriophages. These bacterial viruses are estimated to be as numerous as their bacterial hosts, with tremendous and mostly uncharacterized genetic diversity. In addition, bacteriophages are not passive members of the gut microbiota, as highlighted by the recent evidence for their active involvement in human health. Yet, how bacteriophages interact with their bacterial hosts and the immune system in the human gut remains poorly described. Here, we aim to fill this gap by providing an overview of bacteriophage communities in the gut during human development, detailing recent findings for their bacterial-mediated effects on the immune response and summarizing the latest evidence for direct interactions between them and the immune system. The dramatic increase in antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens has spurred a renewed interest in using bacteriophages for therapy, despite the many unknowns about bacteriophages in the human body. Going forward, more studies encompassing the communities of bacteria, bacteriophages, and the immune system in diverse health and disease settings will provide invaluable insight into this dynamic trio essential for human health.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota beyond Bacteria—Mycobiome, Virome, Archaeome, and Eukaryotic Parasites in IBD

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Matijašić ◽  
Tomislav Meštrović ◽  
Hana Čipčić Paljetak ◽  
Mihaela Perić ◽  
Anja Barešić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

The human microbiota is a diverse microbial ecosystem associated with many beneficial physiological functions as well as numerous disease etiologies. Dominated by bacteria, the microbiota also includes commensal populations of fungi, viruses, archaea, and protists. Unlike bacterial microbiota, which was extensively studied in the past two decades, these non-bacterial microorganisms, their functional roles, and their interaction with one another or with host immune system have not been as widely explored. This review covers the recent findings on the non-bacterial communities of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and their involvement in health and disease, with particular focus on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease.

scholarly journals The Human Respiratory System and its Microbiome at a Glimpse

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Santacroce ◽  
Ioannis Alexandros Charitos ◽  
Andrea Ballini ◽  
Francesco Inchingolo ◽  
Paolo Luperto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Normal Microbiota ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Respiratory Microbiome

The recent COVID-19 pandemic promoted efforts to better understand the organization of the respiratory microbiome and its evolution from birth to adulthood and how it interacts with external pathogens and the host immune system. This review aims to deepen understanding of the essential physiological functions of the resident microbiome of the respiratory system on human health and diseases. First, the general characteristics of the normal microbiota in the different anatomical sites of the airways have been reported in relation to some factors such as the effect of age, diet and others on its composition and stability. Second, we analyze in detail the functions and composition and the correct functionality of the microbiome in the light of current knowledge. Several studies suggest the importance of preserving the micro-ecosystem of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microbes of the respiratory system, and, more recently, its relationship with the intestinal microbiome, and how it also leads to the maintenance of human health, has become better understood.

scholarly journals Old and new models for studying host-microbe interactions in health and disease:C. difficileas an example

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (6) ◽  
pp. G623-G627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Indigenous Microbiota ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Insight Into

There has been an explosion of interest in studying the indigenous microbiota, which plays an important role in human health and disease. Traditionally, the study of microbes in relationship to human health involved consideration of individual microbial species that caused classical infectious diseases. With the interest in the human microbiome, an appreciation of the influence that complex communities of microbes can have on their environment has developed. When considering either individual pathogenic microbes or a symbiotic microbial community, researchers have employed a variety of model systems with which they can study the host-microbe interaction. With the use of studies of infections with the toxin-producing bacterium Clostridium difficile as a model for both a pathogen and beneficial bacterial communities as an example, this review will summarize and compare various model systems that can be used to gain insight into the host-microbe interaction.

Zinc networks: the cell-specific compartmentalization of zinc for specialized functions

2012 ◽  
Vol 393 (7) ◽  
pp. 565-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Hennigar ◽  
Shannon L. Kelleher
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In Cells

Abstract Zinc (Zn2+) is the most abundant trace element in cells and is essential for a vast number of catalytic, structural, and regulatory processes. Mounting evidence indicates that like calcium (Ca2+), intracellular Zn2+ pools are redistributed for specific cellular functions. This occurs through the regulation of 24 Zn2+ transporters whose localization and expression is tissue and cell specific. We propose that the complement and regulation of Zn2+ transporters expressed within a given cell type reflects the function of the cell itself and comprises a ‘Zn2+ network.’ Importantly, increasing information implicates perturbations in the Zn2+ network with metabolic consequences and disease. Herein, we discuss our current understanding of Zn2+ transporters from the perspective of a Zn2+ network in four specific tissues with unique Zn2+ requirements (mammary gland, prostate, pancreas, and brain). Delineating the entire Zn2+ transporting network within the context of unique cellular Zn2+ needs is important in identifying critical gaps in our knowledge and improving our understanding of the consequences of Zn2+ dysregulation in human health and disease.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Lactobacillus reuteri Probiotic in Increasing Intestinal Mucosal Immune System

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (F) ◽  
pp. 784-793
Author(s):  
Musjaya Guli ◽  
Sri Winarsih ◽  
Wisnu Barlianto ◽  
Oski Illiandri ◽  
S. P. Sumarno
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Intestinal Pathogens

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which, when consumed in adequate quantities as food ingredients, provide health benefits to the host. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces, are three probiotics that are intensively used as probiotics in humans and animals. Probiotics have beneficial effects on health when given adequate amounts. The concept of probiotics on human health, namely modulating the gut microbiota and its effect on the host. Probiotics play an important role in maintaining intestinal integrity through a number of different interactions, including changes in cytokine expression in the mucosa. Probiotics compete with intestinal pathogens for mucosal receptors, thereby increasing interepithelial resistance. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus casei sp GG strain was used as a prophylaxis that could increase the expression of epithelial mucin, thereby reducing the translocation of pathogenic bacteria. Abnormal local immune response is characterized by decreased secretion of IgA, thus allowing enterocyte attachment and local translocation of bacterial antigens, which are the main stimulation of pathological events. Colonic stasis can promote the growth of pathogenic bacteria which allows malignant porin bacterial strains to thrive. The gut microbiota has a major influence on human health. The microbial population has an important role in the host, such as the metabolic activity of probiotics producing energy and nutrient absorption, developing the host immune system, and preventing colonization and infection of pathogens. Lactobacillus reuteri is a hetero-fermentative bacterium that lives in the digestive tract of humans. L. reuteri has been used to treat infant necrotizing pseudomembrane. In this paper, the mechanism of L reuteri to increase host immunological response will be reviewed.

Role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 259-261
Author(s):  
Aamir Khan ◽  
Rajni K. Gurmule
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Spreading Rate ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Antitussive Effect ◽  
Corona Viruses ◽  
Very High

Vasavaleha is one of the best medicine given for respiratory diseases. Corona viruses typically affect the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as coughing, fever and shortness of breath. It also affects host immune system of human body. Spreading rate of this disease is very high. Whole world is seeking for the treatment which can uproots this diseases. There in no vaccine available till date against this pandemic disease. Ayurveda mainly focuses on prevention of diseases alongwith its total cure. Rajyakshma Vyadhi is MadhyamMarga Roga as per Ayurveda. It shows many symptoms such as Kasa, Shwasa etc. By overall view of Covid 19, shows its resemblance with Rajyakshma Vyadhi described in Ayurveda. Vasavaleha is a Kalpa which is described in Rogadhikara of Rajyakshma. It shows Kasahara, Shwashara properties. It consists of Vasa, Pipalli, Madhu and Goghrita. These components shows actions like bronchodilation, antitussive effect and many more other actions. Pipalli shows important Rasayana effect. So in present review, we have tried to focus on role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid 19. This can be used as preventive as well as adjuvant medication in treating Covid 19. There is need of further clinical research to rule of exact action of Vasavaleha against Covid 19.

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