scholarly journals Microbiological Control: A New Age of Maize Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damilola Omobowale Seyi-Amole ◽  
Abiodun A. Onilude
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Microbiological Control ◽  
Large Acceptance

Maize is one of the world’s most widely grown and consumed cereal. It is known for its multipurpose use; it provides food and fuel to humans, feeds to animals and used as raw material in manufacturing industries. Globally, maize production is a large and significant market which produced 1,116.41 million tons in year 2020 and it’s expected to increase by 1.57% in year 2021. Pests and disease of maize cause significant damage to maize thereby reducing its’s yield and quality. There are many methods of controlling maize disease and pests; they include cultural, biological and chemical methods etc. Recent research studies have discovered an alternative agricultural practices that are sustainable and safe as compared to chemical control of pests and disease. However, biological control has gained large acceptance and its believed to yield positive outcome as compared to chemical control. Various microorganisms are used to control pathogens of maize and thus, there is a need to understand better their interactions with plants. Furthermore, microorganism known as entomopathogens are used to control arthropods. They are biopesticides that play integral role in Pest Management. This section focuses on microbiological control of pathogens and arthropods, their mechanisms of action, applications and the future of entomopathogenic microorganisms and microbiological control of pathogens.

ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA): MIRIDAE), ON GREEN BEANS IN QUEBEC

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Stewart ◽  
A. R. Khattat
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Plant Stage ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

AbstractCaged microplots of “Contender” green beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were artificially infested with various densities of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) to determine the effect of feeding on yield and quality, and to establish economic injury levels. Plants infested at bloom or pod set stage were more severely injured than those infested at the flower bud stage. Higher infestation levels reduced crop yield, but the percentage of crude protein in bean seeds was not affected. Based on 1975 crop values and chemical control costs, economic injury levels ranged between 0.3 and 4.4 insects/10 plants depending on crop use, chemical control, and plant stage infested.

scholarly journals Tea saponin reduces the damage of Ectropis obliqua to tea crops, and exerts reduced effects on the spiders Ebrechtella tricuspidata and Evarcha albaria compared to chemical insecticides

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Zeng ◽  
Lingbing Wu ◽  
Yao Zhao ◽  
Yueli Yun ◽  
Yu Peng
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Tea Plantation ◽  
Tea Saponin ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Dose Dependent

Background Tea is one of the most economically important crops in China. However, the tea geometrid (Ectropis obliqua), a serious leaf-feeding pest, causes significant damage to tea crops and reduces tea yield and quality. Spiders are the most dominant predatory enemies in the tea plantation ecosystem, which makes them potentially useful biological control agents of E. obliqua. These highlight the need for alternative pest control measures. Our previous studies have shown that tea saponin (TS) exerts insecticidal activity against lepidopteran pests. Here, we investigate whether TS represents a potentially new alternative insecticide with no harm to spiders. Methods We investigated laboratory bioactivities and the field control properties of TS solution against E. obliqua. (i) A leaf-dip bioassay was used to evaluate the toxicity of TS to 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae and effects of TS on the activities of enzymes glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES) and peroxidase (POD) of 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae in the laboratory. (ii) Topical application was used to measure the toxicity of 30% TS (w/v) and two chemical insecticides (10% bifenthrin EC and 50% diafenthiuron SC) to two species of spider, Ebrechtella tricuspidata and Evarcha albaria. (iii) Field trials were used to investigate the controlling efficacy of 30% TS against E. obliqua larvae and to classify the effect of TS to spiders in the tea plantation. Results The toxicity of TS to 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae occurred in a dose-dependent manner and the LC50 was 164.32 mg/mL. Activities of the detoxifying-related enzymes, GST and POD, increased in 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae, whereas AChE and CES were inhibited with time by treatment with TS. Mortalities of E. tricuspidata and E. albaria after 48 h with 30% TS treatment (16.67% and 20%, respectively) were significantly lower than those with 10% bifenthrin EC (80% and 73.33%, respectively) and 50% diafenthiuron EC (43.33% and 36.67%, respectively). The highest controlling efficacy of 30% TS was 77.02% at 5 d after treatment, which showed no difference to 10% bifenthrin EC or 50% diafenthiuron SC. 30% TS was placed in the class N (harmless or slightly harmful) of IOBC (International Organization of Biological Control) categories for natural enemies, namely spiders. Conclusions Our results indicate that TS is a botanical insecticide that has a good controlling efficacy in E. obliqua larvae, which suggests it has promise as application in the integrated pest management (IPM) envisaged for tea crops.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF DEFOLIATION ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF ‘PRATA COMUM’ BANANA FRUITS

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIANA DOMINGUES LIMA ◽  
JÉSSICA ANDRADE FLORENCIO ◽  
WILSON DA SILVA MORAES ◽  
SILVIA HELENA MODENESE GORLA DA SILVA ◽  
EDUARDO NARDINI GOMES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Black Sigatoka ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Banana Crops

ABSTRACT With the advent of black sigatoka in commercial banana crops in the “Vale do Ribeira” region, state of São Paulo, the monitoring the severity and chemical control of the disease in susceptible varieties have become more frequent in order to avoid leaf loss. This study simulated the effect of defoliation caused by the disease on the yield and quality of ‘Prata Comum’ banana fruits, depending on the formation period and fruit position in the bunch. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x11 factorial scheme (period of bunch formation x number of leaves at flowering), 6-16 leaves at flowering in two periods of bunch formation with six replicates. In Period 1, flowering occurred at 04/15/13 and in Period 2 at 01/07/14, although in Period 1, bunch mass was higher and in Period 2, higher average maximum and minimum daily temperatures, precipitation and radiation were observed. Regardless of formation period, the number of leaves at flowering affected bunch mass, which ranged from 18 to 23 kg plant-1. Defoliation affected the size of fruits of hand 1 and last hand of the bunch, but not the variability in fruit size due to the position the fruit occupies in the bunch and physicochemical characteristics.

scholarly journals Emerging Fusarium Mycotoxins Fusaproliferin, Beauvericin, Enniatins, and Moniliformin in Serbian Maize

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Jajić ◽  
Tatjana Dudaš ◽  
Saša Krstović ◽  
Rudolf Krska ◽  
Michael Sulyok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Data ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
High Precipitation ◽  
Safe Food

Emerging mycotoxins such as moniliformin (MON), enniatins (ENs), beauvericin (BEA), and fusaproliferin (FUS) may contaminate maize and negatively influence the yield and quality of grain. The aim of this study was to determine the content of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in Serbian maize from the 2016, 2017, and 2018 harvests. A total of 190 samples from commercial maize production operations in Serbia were analyzed for the presence of MON, ENs, BEA, and FUS using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The obtained results were interpreted together with weather data from each year. MON, BEA, and FUS were major contaminants, while other emerging mycotoxins were not detected or were found in fewer samples (<20%). Overall contamination was highest in 2016 when MON and BEA were found in 50–80% of samples. In 2017 and 2018, high levels of MON, FUS, and BEA were detected in regions with high precipitation and warm weather during the silking phase of maize (July and the beginning of August), when the plants are most susceptible to Fusarium infections. Since environmental conditions in Serbia are favorable for the occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi, monitoring Fusarium toxins is essential for the production of safe food and feed.

scholarly journals Physicochemical and morphological characterization of potato starch (Solanum tuberosum L.) as raw material for the purpose of obtaining bioethanol

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Patricia Lizarazo H. ◽  
Germán Gonzalo Hurtado R. ◽  
Luis Felipe Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Potato Starch ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Potato Varieties

In Colombia, there are geographic areas where the potato crop is the principal economic product. The diversity of potato varieties, has resulted in differences in sizes and in chemical and physical compositions. These variables are defined by genetic factors, agricultural practices, and climatic and soil conditions. The physical characteristics of the different potato varieties are directly related to aspects of production and performance, unlike the chemical composition and morphology of starch granules, which define the nutritional quality and industrial use. In this research, an analysis of the physicochemical and morphological properties of native starches from six potato varieties was carried out, forming a pilot study for the selection of promising varieties for ethanol production. For this purpose, the samples were dried to constant weight. The ash, amylose and amylopectin contents showed significant differences between the varieties. Similarly, differences were observed in the shape and size of the granules, variables that influenced the gelatinization temperature and viscosity of the final products. These variations in the physicochemical properties and morphology of the starches may affect the use of starch and in the production of ethanol.

Puccinia striiformis in Australia: a review of the incursion, evolution, and adaptation of stripe rust in the period 1979 - 2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Wellings
Keyword(s):  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Pathogen Population ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Pathogen Populations

The wheat stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; Pst) was first detected in Australia in 1979. The features of the initial pathotype suggested that it was of European origin, and later work provided evidence that it was most likely transmitted as adherent spores on travellers’ clothing. Despite long-held views that this cool temperature pathogen would not adapt to Australian conditions, Pst became endemic and progressively adapted to commercial wheat production through step-wise mutation. Several of these mutant pathotypes became frequent in the Pst population, causing widespread infection and significant costs to production (yield and quality losses; chemical control expenditure) in certain cultivars and seasons. Pathotype evolution, including adaptation to native barley grass (Hordeum spp.) populations, is described. The occurrence of an exotic pathotype of Pst in Western Australia in 2002, and its subsequent spread to eastern Australia, represented a major shift in the pathogen population. This pathotype dominated pathogen populations throughout Australia from 2003, with chemical control expenditure estimated at AU$40–90 million annually. Another exotic introduction was detected in 1998. Initial data indicated that certain isolates collected from barley grass were highly avirulent to wheat differentials, with the exception of partial virulence to Chinese 166. Further seedling tests revealed that these isolates, tentatively designated barley grass stripe rust (BGYR), were virulent on several Australian barleys, notably those of Skiff parentage. Data, including molecular studies, suggest that BGYR is a new forma specialis of P. striiformis. Field nurseries indicate that BGYR is likely to have little impact on commercial barley, although this may change with further pathotype evolution or the release of susceptible cultivars.

scholarly journals Developing sustainable food supply chains

2007 ◽  
Vol 363 (1492) ◽  
pp. 849-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gail Smith
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Food Supply Chains ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social And Environmental Performance

This paper reviews the opportunities available for food businesses to encourage consumers to eat healthier and more nutritious diets, to invest in more sustainable manufacturing and distribution systems and to develop procurement systems based on more sustainable forms of agriculture. The important factors in developing more sustainable supply chains are identified as the type of supply chain involved and the individual business attitude to extending responsibility for product quality into social and environmental performance within their own supply chains. Interpersonal trust and working to standards are both important to build more sustainable local and many conserved food supply chains, but inadequate to transform mainstream agriculture and raw material supplies to the manufactured and commodity food markets. Cooperation among food manufacturers, retailers, NGOs, governmental and farmers’ organizations is vital in order to raise standards for some supply chains and to enable farmers to adopt more sustainable agricultural practices.

scholarly journals Determination of the Level of Aflatoxins Contamination in Maize (Zea mays L.) Produced in Five Regions of Côte d’Ivoire

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Sira Bamba ◽  
Henri Marius Godi Biego ◽  
Adama Coulibaly ◽  
Nyamien B. Yves ◽  
Sidibe Daouda
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Aoac Method

Aims: The aim of this work is to assess the level of aflatoxins contamination in maize produced in five regions (Poro, Hambol, Gontougo, Gbêkê, Indénié-Djuablin) of Côte d'Ivoire. Place and duration of study: In this study 375 samples of maize (grains, cobs, spathes) were taken from February 2016 to January 2017 and the aflatoxin analyses were carried out at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture and Development of Biological Resources of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny University. Methodology: The aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were extracted and assayed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) according to the AOAC method. Results: The results indicate the presence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in all forms of maize (grains, cobs, spathes) and in the five regions chosen for the study. The mean concentrations of aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) and the total aflatoxins (AFT) varied from 0.79 ± 0.04 µg/kg to 130.31 ± 22.56 µg/kg and from 2.63 ± 2,35 µg/kg to 169.13 ± 40.39 µg/kg respectively. samples from Indénié-Djuablin, Hambol and Gountougo regions showed the highest proportions of non-compliance with the european Union limit of 5 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg. Regarding AFB1, these proportions vary from 0% to 46% in the regions of Gbêkê, Poro and Hambol, while they are between 54% and 96% in the regions of Indénié-Djuablin and Gontougo. For total aflatoxins, the proportions of non-compliant samples were between 0% and 40% (Gbêkê and Poro), 12% and 56% (Hambol), 56% and 96% (Indénié-Djuablin and Gontougo). Conclusion: These results demonstrate a need for monitoring of maize production by stakeholders in the sector who should adopt good agricultural practices.

scholarly journals Influencing Factors of Maize Production in South Africa: The Case of Mpumalanga, Free State and North West Provinces

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Andisiwe Diko ◽  
Wang Jun
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Free State ◽  
The South ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
North West ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Multi Stage

Aims: Maize is of great significance in the national food security of South Africa. Maize production levels in South Africa continue to decline, further deteriorating the situation of increased food insecurity, unemployment and increased poverty levels in the face of increasing population. This paper investigated fundamental variables influencing maize yield in the South African major maize producing regions. Study Design: A multi-stage stratified sampling method was employed to select maize producing farmers in the major maize producing provinces, namely Mpumalanga, Free State and North West provinces of South Africa. Furthermore, three districts were selected from which maize farmers were then selected. Methodology: Using linear multiple regression for a sample of 202 maize farmers, maize yield as a dependent variable was regressed against land size, fertilizer usage, labour, herbicides and seeds as independent variables. The paper employed the Cobb-Douglas production function to estimate parameters. The data obtained from the field were subjected to analysis using inferential statistics using SPSS v20. Results: The study showed that fertilizer, labour, and herbicides used in the production of maize in the study area were positively and statistically significant at a 5% confidence interval (P<0.05) with elasticity coefficients of 0.55, 0.47 and 0.198 respectively. The independent variables computed in the model had positive elasticity coefficients indicating a direct positive relationship between the input variables and maize output. The study also revealed that farmers in the study area were applying fewer amounts of fertilizer than the recommended rates per hectare. Conclusion: The study recommends that the South African government should supply inputs to maize farmers at subsidized rates to promote correct application rates and attain higher yields.  The promotion of good quality extension services to foster good agricultural practices in the production of maize is also recommended.

scholarly journals Review of good agricultural practices for smallholder maize farmers to minimise aflatoxin contamination

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
F. Xu ◽  
R.C. Baker ◽  
T.B. Whitaker ◽  
H. Luo ◽  
Y. Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Good Agricultural Practices ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Maize is consumed world-wide as staple food, livestock feed, and industrial raw material. However, it is susceptible to fungal attack and at risk of aflatoxin contamination under certain conditions. Such contamination is a serious threat to human and animal health. Ensuring that the maize used by food industry meets standards for aflatoxin levels requires significant investment across the supply chain. Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) form a critical part of a broader, integrated strategy for reduction of aflatoxin contamination. We reviewed and summarised the GAP of maize that would be effective and practicable for aflatoxin control within high-risk regions for smallholder farmers. The suggested practicable GAP for smallholder farmers were: use of drought-tolerant varieties; timely harvesting before physiological maturity; sorting to remove damaged ears and those having poor husk covering; drying properly to 13% moisture content; storage in suitable conditions to keep the crop clean and under condition with minimally proper aeration, or ideally under hermetic conditions. This information is intended to provide guidance for maize growers that will help reduce aflatoxin in high-risk regions, with a specific focus on smallholder farmers. Following the proposed guidelines would contribute to the reduction of aflatoxin contamination during pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages of the maize value chain.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document