scholarly journals Bioactive Peptides from Legumes and Their Bioavailability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Retno Indrati
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Production Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Charge Amino Acid ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Hydrophobic Amino Acids ◽  
Method Factors

Bioactive peptides (BPs) isolated from legumes have functional properties as healthy foods. These functional effects depend on their stability and bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract before reaching the target organs. Therefore, it is necessary to disclose the factors that influence it and discuss the technical processing to develop its utilisation. This chapter discusses and summarises the bioactive activities of BPs from various legumes, factors and mechanisms related to the bio-assessability, stability, bio-availability and bioactivity of BPs. Furthermore, the development of BPs bioseparation was also discussed. The results show that the nature of BPs varies greatly depending on the legume source and the production method. Factors that influenced the bio-availability of BPs include molecular weight, charge, amino acid sequence, the presence of specific residues and hydrophobic amino acids, and resistance to the action of peptidase while in the digestive tract. However, some BPs showed increased bio-accessibility and bio-availability after being hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes. Processing technologies such as encapsulation allowing BPs to enter the body and undergo release and degradation by enzymes digestion. Further studies are required to understand the increase in the bioavailability of BPs, the safety of the food components produced, and their use in producing functional foods.

scholarly journals Potential target for mitigation of COVID-19 by food-derived bioactive peptides

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Sato
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Acid Metabolites ◽  
Therapeutic Activities

Oral administration of food protein hydrolysate and naturally occurring peptides exert beneficial effects beyond conventional nutritional functions by supplying amino acids for protein synthesis. These peptides are referred to as food-derived bioactive peptides. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by sever acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Some host and viral proteins are involved in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells and their replication. Peptides with specific sequences can interact with these proteins and have potential prophylactic and therapeutic activities against COVID-19. However, it is difficult to deliver food-derived peptides to target organs without degradation by exopeptidases in the body. Alternatively, food-derived peptides and amino acid metabolites have been suggested to decrease risk factors of COVID-19 by modulating the renin-angiotensin system, the innate immune system, and the antioxidant system. This mini-review is based on in vivo responses to food-derived peptides and aims to introduce potential targets for these peptides in decreasing the risk and severity of COVID-19. 

scholarly journals ACEI-Inhibitory Peptides Naturally Generated in Meat and Meat Products and Their Health Relevance

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Mora ◽  
Marta Gallego ◽  
Fidel Toldrá
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastrointestinal Digestion ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Inhibitory Peptides ◽  
Target Organs

Meat and meat products have been described as a very good source of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACEI)-inhibitory peptides. The generation of bioactive peptides can occur through the action of endogenous muscular enzymes during processing, gastrointestinal digestion, or by using commercial enzymes in laboratory or industry under controlled conditions. Studies of bioavailability are necessary in order to prove the positive health effect of bioactive peptides in the body as they should resist gastrointestinal digestion, cross the intestinal barrier, and reach blood stream and target organs. However, in order to better understand their effect, interactions, and bioavailability, it is necessary to consider food matrix interactions and continue the development of quantitative methodologies in order to obtain more data that will enable advances in the field of bioactive peptides and the determination of their influence on health.

scholarly journals Replicative Deformed Wing Virus Found in the Head of Adults from Symptomatic Commercial Bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) Colonies

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Giovanni Cilia ◽  
Laura Zavatta ◽  
Rosa Ranalli ◽  
Antonio Nanetti ◽  
Laura Bortolotti
Keyword(s):  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Deformed Wing Virus ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
Virus Localization ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

The deformed wing virus (DWV) is one of the most common honey bee pathogens. The virus may also be detected in other insect species, including Bombus terrestris adults from wild and managed colonies. In this study, individuals of all stages, castes, and sexes were sampled from three commercial colonies exhibiting the presence of deformed workers and analysed for the presence of DWV. Adults (deformed individuals, gynes, workers, males) had their head exscinded from the rest of the body and the two parts were analysed separately by RT-PCR. Juvenile stages (pupae, larvae, and eggs) were analysed undissected. All individuals tested positive for replicative DWV, but deformed adults showed a higher number of copies compared to asymptomatic individuals. Moreover, they showed viral infection in their heads. Sequence analysis indicated that the obtained DWV amplicons belonged to a strain isolated in the United Kingdom. Further studies are needed to characterize the specific DWV target organs in the bumblebees. The result of this study indicates the evidence of DWV infection in B. terrestris specimens that could cause wing deformities, suggesting a relationship between the deformities and the virus localization in the head. Further studies are needed to define if a specific organ could be a target in symptomatic bumblebees.

Compound feed from different producers for piglets and their comparative assessment

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
N. I. Kulmakova ◽  
T. A. Magomadov ◽  
N. M. Kostomakhin ◽  
M. N. Dmitrieva ◽  
H. Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Starting Compound ◽  
Federal Standard

The quality of raw materials and goods of animal origin depends first of all on the safety of feed, their balance in terms of the main nutrients and digestibility by the body. As a rule, the lower the quality and safety of feed, the lower the productivity of all types of animals and poultry. The quality of feed is influenced by all stages of their production: growing conditions, harvesting and storage, processing technologies, canning and preparation for feeding. Where high-quality feed is used in diets, maximum productivity and high realization of the genetic potential of animals are obtained. During the storage and processing of plant and animal raw materials its physic and mechanical, biochemical, sanitary and microbiological properties change. This can be avoided only by observing the sanitary and hygienic requirements for bagging, harvesting, and storing feed. The quality of feed is confirmed by its physical, chemical, organoleptic, microbiological and other indicators, which determines the variety of feed control methods at all stages of their turnover. In this connection, the development and strengthening of control over the quality and safety of feed and feed additives is one of the important tasks of modern animal feeding science. The purpose of the work was to carried out a comparative assessment of four samples of the starting compound feed SK-3 for piglets of different producers. The experimental part of the work has been carried out in the laboratory of veterinary expertise at the compound feed plant LLC “Athens-Volga”. For the study of compound feed an average sample was taken from each sample, separating from the combined sample using a hand scoop according to Federal standard 13496.0-2016. Methods of sampling. Quality and safety control was carried out according to organoleptic, physic and chemical, microbiological indicators and the content of mycotoxins in compound feed. Monitoring of compound feed of the compared samples of the starting compound feed for piglets SK-3 according to the studied indicators has shown that all samples meet the sanitary and hygienic requirements of Federal standard of our country.

Improving the efficiency of metal-bonded diamond abrasive end tools by improving manufacturing technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-80
Author(s):  
Valentin Smirnov ◽  
◽  
Dmitry Lobanov ◽  
Vadim Skeeba ◽  
Ivan Golyushov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Diamond Abrasive ◽  
Bearing Part

Introduction. Difficult-to-machine materials with enhanced physical and mechanical properties are increasingly being used in various industries. Such materials are used in mechanical engineering for the manufacture of parts and assemblies of machines and mechanisms, in the production and processing of food products where increased operational requirements are required. In modern production, along with traditional methods of intensifying technological operations, combined and hybrid processing technologies are used. For the finishing of products, abrasive grinding with a diamond tool is used. One of the problems hindering the wide practical application of this method in industry is the fact that it has a high prime cost caused by the cost of materials used in the manufacture and the laboriousness of the tool shaping process. This leads to the need to develop a new technology for manufacturing diamond tools. The purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of the end diamond abrasive tool with a metal bond by using carbon steels as a body material, increasing the strength of the connection between the body and the diamond-bearing part, as well as choosing an effective tool manufacturing technology. Research methodology. To gain this task, a technology for manufacturing end diamond abrasive tools is developed and tested. Allowing using the technology of capacitor welding to connect the diamond-bearing part with the shank and use medium-carbon hardened high-quality steels with a hardness of 45-60 HRC as the shank material. The strength of the connection of the body with the working diamond-bearing part of the grinding head samples is determined by tensile testing on a 1958U10 tensile machine with maximum load 100 kN. The quality of the joint is assessed visually by the presence of discontinuities in the joint, as well as by examining the microstructure and measuring the microhardness of the weld and heat-affected zones. The microhardness of the welded joint is measured using an HMV-G21ST semi-automatic microhardness tester (Shimadzu, Japan) at a load of 50 g. Results and discussion. Thus, the results of comparative studies allow us to assert that the strength of the connection between the shank and the working diamond-bearing part according to the proposed technology surpasses similar characteristics of the strength of the connection between the shank and the diamond-bearing layer of grinding heads obtained by the method selected by the prototype. Conclusions. The proposed technology for the manufacture of diamond heads increases the strength of the connection between the body and the diamond-bearing working part, reduces the cost of manufacturing the grinding heads due to the use of hardened medium-carbon steels as the material of the tool body instead of high-speed steel grades, the technology is simplified and the possibility of automating the manufacture of tools appears.

scholarly journals A Role of Tumor-Released Exosomes in Paracrine Dissemination and Metastasis

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Spugnini ◽  
Mariantonia Logozzi ◽  
Rossella Di Raimo ◽  
Davide Mizzoni ◽  
Stefano Fais
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Metastatic Cascade ◽  
Target Organs

Metastatic diffusion is thought to be a multi-step phenomenon involving the release of cells from the primary tumor and their diffusion through the body. Currently, several hypotheses have been put forward in order to explain the origin of cancer metastasis, including epithelial–mesenchymal transition, mutagenesis of stem cells, and a facilitating role of macrophages, involving, for example, transformation or fusion hybridization with neoplastic cells. In this paradigm, tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, play a pivotal role in cell communications, delivering a plethora of biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. For their natural role in shuttling molecules, EVs have been newly considered a part of the metastatic cascade. They have a prominent role in preparing the so-called “tumor niches” in target organs. However, recent evidence has pointed out an even more interesting role of tumor EVs, consisting in their ability to induce malignant transformation in resident mesenchymal stem cells. All in all, in this review, we discuss the multiple involvements of EVs in the metastatic cascade, and how we can exploit and manipulate EVs in order to reduce the metastatic spread of malignant tumors.

Digestion in Ascidians and the Influence of Temperature

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-292
Author(s):  
N. J. BERRILL
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Pass Through

1. The mechanism of feeding and digestion in the Pyurid Ascidians Tethyum pyriforme americanum and Boltenia ovifera is described. 2. The structure and histology of the "liver" is described and it is shown that it is primarily an organ of secretion. 3. It is found that the only digestive enzymes are those poured into the gut by the liver, and consist of a powerful amylase, a protease, a very weak lipase, and also an invertase, a maltase, and a lactase. 4. The brownish pigment of the liver gives reactions with acids somewhat like those of bile pigment. There is no trace of bile salts, however, nor of cholesterol. 5. The amylase has an activity range from pH 6.0 topic pH 8.5 with an optimum near pH 7.5. The protease is active from pH 6.0 to above pH 10.0. A similar protease is secreted by Molgula citrina and Ascidia prunum. 6. The relative strengths of the amylase and protease are compared, the amylase being very much the stronger. 7. While experiments of brief duration indicate an optimum temperature for enzyme activity above 40° C, the more prolonged the experiments the lower does the optimum become. Whatever the optimum may be after an experiment of 2 hours' duration, it falls about 20° C. during the next 45 hours, if the experiments be so prolonged. 8. At 15° C. and at 10° C. the food takes about 35 and 55 hours respectively to pass through the alimentary canal, and at 50 C. somewhere between 70 and 90 hours. These temperatures approximately cover the normal range in temperature of the environment, and therefore of the animal itself. 9. From experiments lasting 33 hours the optimum temperature for enzyme activity was found to be about 17° C.; that is, within one or two degrees of the body temperature. From experiments lasting 57 hours the optimum temperature was found to be about 13° C ; that is, within three degrees of the body temperature. 10. These temperature optima not only represent the relative amounts of substrate converted at different temperatures, but also represent the absolute amounts converted and convertible. 11. The enzymes, amylase and protease, are two-thirds to three-quarters destroyed during their period of activity within the alimentary canal of the animal, and in order to utilise the remainder the digestion mixture would have to be retained within the canal for twice as long a time. 12. Therefore it seems probable that the organism in making such a compromise between a high activity of the enzyme and its economical use is working to a maximum efficiency; and it is possible that a permanent increase in the stability of the digestive enzymes would be turned to advantage through a more prolonged retention of the food within the gut.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE METABOLIC DISTURBANCES, GROWTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF YOUNG GOATS AFTER TRANSECTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK

1964 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Daniel ◽  
Marjorie M. L. Prichard
Keyword(s):  
Severe Hypoglycaemia ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pituitary Stalk ◽  
Blood Picture ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT In young goats section of the pituitary stalk, with the insertion of a plate to ensure permanent separation of the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus, led to the development of metabolic disturbances including a severe hypoglycaemia. These complications were largely avoided by giving hormone replacement therapy for the first few weeks after operation. The growth of the body and of the target organs (thyroids, adrenals, gonads) was greatly retarded during the first 2 to 4 months; after this the animals increased in size and weight more normally, but the target organs remained very small. The protein-bound iodine content of the serum was low. The blood picture was essentially normal. Although the clinical condition of the goats improved noticeably after a few months their activity continued to be reduced and their behaviour subdued by comparison with normal goats. The difference in the condition of twin goats, in one of which a plate was not inserted, is described.

scholarly journals Soybean Bioactive Peptides and Their Functional Properties

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Chatterjee ◽  
Stephen Gleddie ◽  
Chao-Wu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Soy Proteins ◽  
Health Claim ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Soy Peptides ◽  
The Usa

Soy consumption has been associated with many potential health benefits in reducing chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, insulin-resistance/type II diabetes, certain type of cancers, and immune disorders. These physiological functions have been attributed to soy proteins either as intact soy protein or more commonly as functional or bioactive peptides derived from soybean processing. These findings have led to the approval of a health claim in the USA regarding the ability of soy proteins in reducing the risk for coronary heart disease and the acceptance of a health claim in Canada that soy protein can help lower cholesterol levels. Using different approaches, many soy bioactive peptides that have a variety of physiological functions such as hypolipidemic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-cancer properties, and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects have been identified. Some soy peptides like lunasin and soymorphins possess more than one of these properties and play a role in the prevention of multiple chronic diseases. Overall, progress has been made in understanding the functional and bioactive components of soy. However, more studies are required to further identify their target organs, and elucidate their biological mechanisms of action in order to be potentially used as functional foods or even therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Ninety-Day Oral Toxicity Assessment of an Alternative Biopolymer for Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems Obtained from Cassava Starch Acetate

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Rossi Jesus ◽  
Lorena Neris Barbosa ◽  
Thiago Bruno Lima Prando ◽  
Leonardo Franco Martins ◽  
Francielli Gasparotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Starch Acetate ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
And Control

The large consumption of biodegradable films from cassava starch acetate (FCSA) as ingredients in food and pharmaceutical products requires the assessment of the possible toxicity of these products. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of biodegradable film from cassava starch acetate after oral exposure of Wistar rats for 90 days. The amount of food consumed and the body weight were weekly monitored. Blood and urine samples were obtained for the assessment of serum parameters and renal function. Histopathological analyses in target organs were also performed. No evidence of clinical toxicity in hematological, biochemical, or renal parameters in the FCSA-treated animals was found. In addition, relative organ weight and histopathological evaluations did not differ between groups treated with FCSA and control. Data obtained suggest that the subchronic exposure to FCSA does not cause obvious signs of toxicity in Wistar rats, indicating possible safety of this biofilm.

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