Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698-1842

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Schopp
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
French Experience ◽  
The Pearl River ◽  
Direct Trade

Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698–1842 fills a gap in Canton Trade scholarship with this new account of France’s near century-and-a-half experience in that trade. From the distinctive features of the Sino-French trade model to vessels and sea routes, from the physical environment of the Pearl River Delta and the structure of the French hongs in Canton to the daily life of traders, the author draws on both French and other archival sources to bring the history to life, and challenges a number of common assumptions about both the French experience and the Canton Trade in the process. The French were early to engage in direct trade at Canton, and their movements were closely watched by their rivals; in addition, their contributions to the trade were both significant and diverse, ranging from the cultural to the nautical. The French East India Company, which was the product of an absolute monarchy, was distinctive for the dominant role played in its operations by the state. Yet this did not prevent legitimate private trade from playing a sometimes surprising role. Written in a reader-friendly style, Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698–1842 will appeal to audiences interested in the Canton Trade, early modern Chinese history, shipping history, and cross-cultural encounters. Appendices provide a list of all known French voyages between 1698 and 1842, as well as a listing of French return cargoes from China in 1766.

scholarly journals Creditor-Focused Corporate Governance: Evidence from Mergers and Acquisitions in Japan

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 1051-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas Mehrotra ◽  
Dimitri van Schaik ◽  
Jaap Spronk ◽  
Onno Steenbeek
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Target Firms ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Bank ◽  
The U.S

AbstractMergers in Japan have the dubious distinction of not creating wealth for shareholders of target firms, in sharp contrast to what occurs in much of the rest of the world. Using a sample of 91 mergers from 1982 through 2003 we document several distinctive features of the merger market in Japan: Mergers tend to be countercyclical and appear to be driven chiefly by creditor concerns. In particular, where the merging firms share a common main bank, we find that merger gains are lower. Overall, our results point to a market that is distinctly less shareholder focused than that in the U.S., and a market where creditors play an important, perhaps dominant, role in corporate governance.

scholarly journals Economics of Digital Ecosystems

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Yevgenievich Barykin ◽  
Irina Vasilievna Kapustina ◽  
Tatiana Viktorovna Kirillova ◽  
Vladimir Konstantinovich Yadykin ◽  
Yevgenii Aleksandrovich Konnikov
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Digital Ecosystems ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Digital Ecosystem ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Hierarchical Communication ◽  
Definition Of

This paper examines a new approach to defining digital ecosystems. Within the digital economy of ecosystems, competition is eliminated, and organizations form unions and alliances in order to work together and cooperate to reach a set goal. This means a digital ecosystem can be viewed as a complex environment in which organizations without any hard ties operate. Digital ecosystems differ from traditional ecosystems in many ways. The business organization of the latter is based on management decision making by people. This paper presents theoretical foundations for developing digital ecosystems based on a literary review. Based on the logic of scientific search using the keywords “ecosystem” and “biological ecosystem”, the commonality of the properties of the digital ecosystem and the biological ecosystem is shown. The aim of the study is to identify common characteristics in biological, economic and digital ecosystems in order to substantiate the possibility of using the same approaches for research and modeling of such systems. A definition of a digital ecosystem is proposed by the authors which points out the main features of this kind of system and highlights the dominant role of modern digital technologies in the formation of the digital ecosystem. The paper looks at the distinctive features of digital ecosystems and characteristics similar to the characteristics of biological ecosystems, such as ecosystem participants, presence of limiting impacts, lack of vertical hierarchical communication. The developed model can be used to model digital ecosystems. The authors believe that the emergence of a trend in the transformation of ecosystems in the direction of expanding the collaboration of economic agents is reasonable. At the same time, digitalization helps to replace competition with collaboration. The paper finishes with a discussion of the obtained results and a plan for further research.

Chronological Overview of the French Trade at Canton, 1698–1842

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Susan E. Schopp
Keyword(s):  
Asian Country ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
The Third ◽  
French Experience ◽  
Limited Basis

Chapter 1 provides a chronological overview of France’s near century and a half (1698–1842) in the Canton Trade. The Europe trade was carried out for its first two decades by private traders to whom the French East India Company leased its China monopoly on a limited basis; then, following reorganization in 1719, the Company began to exercise that monopoly itself, sending ships to Canton from 1720 to 1769. In 1769 the trade was opened to all French subjects and continued so until 1785, when the third Company was created; and when the trade was opened once and for all to all French nationals in 1790, this Company became private, in competition with other private companies before it was abolished in 1793. The intra-Asian (country) trade, in contrast, was initially in the hands of the Company, which remained involved in it to some degree before the trade went wholly private in the early 1740s. The French experience demonstrates the need for a reassessment of the traditional definitions of the terms “private” and “company,” and “Europe” and “intra-Asian,” proving that the distinctions between them are in fact far more nuanced, and indeed, often blurry, than traditionally acknowledged.

Dwarkanath Tagore as a pioneering entrepreneur of India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-279
Author(s):  
Abhijit Roy
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Integrated Marketing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
British East India Company ◽  
Integration Techniques ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
Marketing Approach

Purpose In the past three centuries in India, outsiders have dominated economic fortunes. Yet, for a brief interlude for two decades (i.e. in the 1830s and 1840s), the Bengalis from Eastern India played a dominant role in the modern business sector of the economy as partners of the British. The singular reason behind this phenomenon was the role of Dwarkanath Tagore (DT) in building multiple multiracial business partnerships in a myriad of businesses. This study aims to demonstrate how all of these activities were synthesized in an integrated marketing approach and how DT was the catalyst in forging these partnerships with the British East India Company and other enterprises. Design/methodology/approach A historical research method is used in critically examining the business practices of DT. Resources include a few biographies about him as well as several print sources, including several publications owned by him. Findings DT’s approach to an integrated marketing approach in the nineteenth century, involved the traditional production, distributional and promotional components, and he understood the significance of using all tools at his disposal to reach his market using these synergies, each reinforcing his main self-identify was that of an entrepreneur. He used forward integration techniques in running other operations, e.g. distribution, publishing, advertising and promotion of his products. His multiracial social networks for business and social activities are also identified. Originality/value This study synthesizes different sections of DT’s businesses and illustrates how he used integrated marketing to build an enterprising, profit-making business, which was good for both the economy of Bengal and that of the British East India Company and his other partners. The study also establishes him as a pioneering Indian entrepreneur and identifies major social networks with other business partners (both Indian and British).

Diasporic Memories and Conceptual Geography in Post-colonial Hong Kong

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1566-1593 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGELINA Y. CHIN
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Pearl River Delta ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Pearl River Delta Region ◽  
The Pearl River Delta ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Pearl River

AbstractThis paper explores how the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been trying to incorporate post-1997 Hong Kong into the framework of a Greater China. The construction of two ‘narratives’ are examined: the grand narrative of Chinese history in secondary school textbooks in Hong Kong; and the development of a new regional framework of the Pearl River Delta. The first narrative, which focuses on the past, signals the PRC government's desire to inculcate through education a deeper sense of collective identity as patriotic citizens of China amongst residents of Hong Kong. The second narrative, which represents a futuristic imagining of a regional landscape, rewrites the trajectory of Hong Kong by merging the city with the Pearl River Delta region. However, these narrative strategies have triggered ambivalent responses from people in Hong Kong, especially the generations born after 1980. In their discursive battles against merging with the mainland, activists have sought to instil a collective memory that encourages a counter-imagination of a particular kind of Hong Kong that draws from the pre-1997 past. This conflict pits activists and their supporters against officials in the local government working to move Hong Kong towards integration with greater Guangdong and China at large. But the local resistance discourses are inadequate because they are constrained by their own parochial visions and colonial nostalgia.

scholarly journals Comparison between Sino-US Trade War and the Opium War of the Qing Dynasty

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
Haowei Ti ◽  
◽  
Zhiyun Hu ◽  
Gang Bian
Keyword(s):  
River Estuary ◽  
Pearl River Estuary ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Feudal Society ◽  
Opium War ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Trade War ◽  
The Pearl River ◽  
Almost All

The Sino-US trade war has become more and more fierce. From March 2018 to the present, China and the United States have begun to constantly increase tariffs and restrict each other. Negotiations are still going on and it seems that no real progress has been made. Soybean procurement, sanctions against Huawei, chip battles, intellectual property wars, and technology transfer have been escalated, and both sides of the trade have been affected to varying degrees. At the end of 2019, if all the tariffs in the Trump plan were implemented, it meant that almost all goods from China (worth about $550 billion) would be subject to punitive tariffs. First Opium War‘ Britain often called it the first Sino-British war or "commercial war". It was a war of aggression launched by Britain from China from 1840 to 1842, and it was also the beginning of modern Chinese history. In 1840, the British government used Lin Zexu's Humen cigarettes as an excuse to decide to send the expeditionary forces to invade China. In June 1840, the British warships arrived in the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong, blocking the seaport, and the Opium War began. The Chinese and British sides signed the "Nanjing Treaty", the first unequal treaty in Chinese history. China began to rip land, indemnify, and negotiate tariffs to foreign countries. The Nanjing Treaty seriously endangered China's sovereignty. China began to become a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society, losing its independent status and promoting the disintegration of the natural economy.

Comparisons and Consequences in Global Perspective, 1500–1750

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merry Wiesner-Hanks
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The Reformation

This chapter places the Protestant Reformation in a global perspective in two ways, using methods and examining themes common in world history as a field. First, it compares the Reformation to other religious transformations that were occurring at roughly the same time, including the early development of Sikhism, reform movements within Chinese Confucianism, and the reinvigoration of Islam in the Songhay Empire by King Askia the Great. Second, it examines the spread of Protestant ideology and institutions in the increasingly interconnected early modern world, with the colonies of the Dutch East India Company and the missionary work of the Moravians serving as the primary examples of such cultural encounters. It argues that moving beyond Europe to adopt a broader spatial scale enhances our understanding of the religious dynamism of the period, which does not diminish the importance of the Protestant Reformation, but allows us to view it in new ways.

Achieving the maximum synergistic effect in production

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-32
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Ostrovskiy ◽  
A. P. Yakovleva ◽  
A. V. Mukhin ◽  
G. E. Ganina
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Organizational Form ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cooperative Activity ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Effective Result

Practical activities aimed at improving the efficiency of production often determine the theoretical developments in this area. In this practical activity, it is always possible to discover hidden patterns that can be of great importance for the completion of the relevant theoretical provisions. The article attempts to comprehend some aspects of practical human activity in the direction of increasing the efficiency of production in order to use them to build a synergistic effect management apparatus. Due to the novelty of the issue and the wide range of different approaches, it is necessary to limit ourselves only to a conceptual consideration in order to gain an opportunity to get into the field of practical use in production activities on this basis. The authors propose the concept of achieving the maximum synergistic effect in production on the basis of a new organizational form of cooperative activity, which allows purposefully obtaining an emergent, super-effective result. In order to develop and justify the concept of achieving the maximum synergistic effect in production, a multi-level analysis was carried out at the level of mental activity to develop ways to obtain a synergistic effect, at the level of distinctive features of global innovations in production, and at the level of compatibility of actions to obtain a synergistic effect. Taking into account the synonymy of the concepts of «synergy» and «cooperation», the conclusion about the dominant role of cooperation in obtaining an emergent synergistic property in man-made activities is made. It is shown that the emergent property is most evident in the new organizational form, which is the ergodynamic cooperative (EDC). Borrowing certain features of the analyzed global innovations in the formation of the EDC, the authors suggest that the EDC can claim to be an independent global innovation.

scholarly journals The English Cemetery at Surat: Pre-Colonial Cultural Encounters in Western India

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 251-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Scarre ◽  
Judith Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
East India Company ◽  
The Political ◽  
Western India ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
Mughal Empire ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
Insight Into

During the seventeenth century East India Company merchants settled in several cities of western India under the control of the Mughal Empire. The most important of these was Surat in Gujarat, where an English cemetery of impressive brick and stucco tombs was established. The style and nature of these monuments provide an insight into the cultural interactions that took place between the English merchants and the local population, as well as indicating the political aspirations of the East India Company officials. A description of these tombs, the earliest dating to 1649, is followed by a discussion of the origins of the cemetery, the chronology of the tombs and the identity and status of the dead. It is shown how the adoption of Indo-Islamic architectural styles for the earliest tombs was modified during the eighteenth century by the increasing use of Western architectural features, in line with growing British political power in India during this period. Changing architectural styles are paralleled by the changing attitudes of British visitors to the tombs from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries.

No Boats to China. The Dutch East India Company and the Changing Pattern of the China Sea Trade, 1635–1690

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Blussé
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
China Sea ◽  
China Trade ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Direct Trade

By 1690 the Supreme Government of the Indies in Batavia agreed that, financially speaking, it was no longer wise to continue the direct trade between the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and China. It was argued that the vessels so far used for the China trade could be better deployed in the Indian Ocean.

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