scholarly journals THE ISSUE OF SPORT SPECIALIZATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORT EXPERTISE

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Linda Komínková ◽  
Tomáš Perič
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Retrospective Design ◽  
Sport Expertise ◽  
Early Specialization ◽  
Sampling Approach

There are two different ways how to achieve sport expertise. First is called „early sport specialization“ and second is called „early sport sampling“. Although, early sport specialization is associated with negative physical, psychological and social development consequencies, researches claim that early specialized approach to sports training is necessary to achieve elite sport performance because of 10.000 hour rule and the theory of deliberate practice. On the other hand, experts who defend early sampling approach argue that sampling various sports during childhood and later start with special training is the basis for specialization in adolescence and adulthood and that athlete can benefit from such a transfer across sports.    The aim of this review is to discuss early sport specialization and early sport sampling approach in term of expertise development in sport.     Results suggest that despite a relatively high number of research in this area, it is still not clear which approach is more effective for attaining sport expertise. Conclusions of studies that examined the validity of the theory of deliberate practice and 10.000 hour rule in different sports are inconsistent. In addition, studies that dealt with early sampling approach examined mainly team sports and were conducted with retrospective design in which athletes do not have to recall their experiences or that the recall of experiences can be biased. Moreover, very few studies report early specialization of their athletes. Therefore, longitudinal studies are needed to reveal which approach is more effective to achieve expertise in sport.

Sweden is Increasingly Loosing its Peculiarity (On Elections of 2010)

2011 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
I. Grishin
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Development Model ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Development Model ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Political Force ◽  
Left And Right

The article analyses results of Swedish parliamentary elections in September 2010. The author regards them as another manifestation of the fact that Sweden is losing peculiarity of its social development model. This is a result of the end of an era of two-block party structure of the Riksdag (left and right centers) and of the domination of Social Democrats in the political life of the country. The new third political force – the party of Swedish Democrats which strongly opposes the other culture immigration – is detail regarded.

POSEBNA ODELjENjA ZA BORBU PROTIV KORUPCIJE U REPUBLICI SRBIJI

2021 ◽  
pp. 313-329
Author(s):  
Vladimir Šebek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
New Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
The One

Specialized anti-corruption institutions are not product of the new age. First specialized departments in fighting against corruption went into effect in the middle of last century, but the beginning of creation of these departments has been connected with founding of the most significant specialized institutions. Although its effects on democratic institutions and economic and social development have long been apparent, the fight against corruption has only recently been placed high on the international policy agenda. The UN Convention Against Corruption, which came into force in 2005, is the most universal in its approach; it covers a very broad range of issues including the formation of specialised bodies responsible for preventing corruption and for combating corruption through law enforcement. It is the author’s intention to present to the public the organizational solutions of the anticorruption bodies predicted in the UN Convention against Corruption and folloving standards to act effectively. On the one hand, this text represents models of specialized anti-corruption bodies in the world, and on the other hand, it contains display of institutional anti-corruption model in Republic of Serbia as well, with the focus on the Department for Corruption Suppression (OBPK) in the Ministry of Interior and special departmens of Public prosecutor's offices. In order to compare efficiency of police and prosecutorial work, a data analysis was performed for the period before and the period after the Law on organization and competence of state bodies in supression of organized crime, terrorism and corruption, entry into force.

Farmers’ Suicides and the Agrarian Crisis in Punjab: Some Sociological Observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-286
Author(s):  
Birinder Pal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liberal Theory ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Agrarian Crisis

Farmers’ suicides have been a serious issue over the last three decades in Punjab and also in other states. Much debate has concentrated on the economic factors, especially debt. This article makes sociological observations of Durkheim in the context of Punjab’s society and culture that may help us see the other side of the problem. It argues that debt per se is not the cause of suicide always but that of the agrarian crisis, following the liberal theory of economic and social development. The culture of consumerism is like fuel to the fire.

Toward a more critical dialogue for enhancing self-report surveys in sport expertise and deliberate practice research

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael A.B. Tedesqui ◽  
Lindsay McCardle ◽  
Dora Bartulovic ◽  
Bradley W. Young
Keyword(s):  
Sport Activity ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Expertise Development ◽  
Critical Dialogue ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Sport Expertise ◽  
Practice Framework

Two hallmark criteria are commonly used to determine whether a variable of interest has an impact on sport expertise development: (a) discrimination of performance or skill levels and (b) association with time spent in deliberate practice activities. Our opinion is that there has been warranted criticism of the deliberate practice framework and greater methodological rigour will invigorate survey research in this area. In this paper, we aimed to provide critical perspectives on self-report methods previously used to assess group discrimination and to measure deliberate practice in survey-based work in the context of sport expertise as well as to illustrate steps that could be taken to improve confidence in the validity and reliability of these measures. First, we focus on challenges discriminating between multiple, progressively skilled groups of athletes and outline two strategies: one aimed at improving the validity of skill grouping using standardized performance measures, and another illustrating how researchers can assess variability within skill levels. Second, we highlight challenges in measuring deliberate practice activities and propose a funnel method of narrowing athletes’ estimates from general sport activity to highly individualized, purposeful practice. We argue more attention is needed on the development of self-report methods and measurements to reliably and validly assess sport expertise development.

Developing Athletes in the Context of Sport and Performance Psychology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc J. Martin ◽  
David J. Hancock ◽  
Jean Côté
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Performance Psychology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Early Specialization ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Athletic Development

Talent development in sport is achieved through years of preparation and requires constant interaction between personal and contextual resources. Accordingly, extensive research has been dedicated to understanding factors that contribute to sport performance. Literature suggests the factors influencing athletic development can be classified in terms of the physical environment, the social environment, and engaging learning activities. Investigations pertaining to the physical environment suggest the importance of appropriate settings, which can relate to the sport organization or the larger community. Researchers must also cogitate the activities in which athletes take part. These considerations involve the maturational status of athletes, the volume of deliberate practice and play, and early specialization versus diversification. Finally, the salience of the social environment in relation to sport performance cannot be overlooked. Not surprisingly, the relations established with social agents (i.e., coaches, peers/teammates, parents) can facilitate or impede the developmental process. Consequently, the development of athletes in the context of sport and performance psychology extends past the individual and is influenced by several factors that must be discussed.

scholarly journals Conducta de sexting en adolescentes: predictores de personalidad y consecuencias psicosociales en un año de seguimiento

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Alonso ◽  
Estrella Romero
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Psychosocial Consequences ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
One Year

La relación entre el sexting y la personalidad en los adolescentes ha sido escasamente investigada. Además, es notoria la escasez de estudios longitudinales que aborden los predictores y consecuencias del sexting. Este estudio analiza los datos de 624 adolescentes que fueron evaluados en dos ocasiones (T1 y T2) distanciadas por un período de un año, y a los que se administraron cuestionarios para medir el sexting, los rasgos de personalidad del modelo de cinco factores (MCF), y posibles consecuencias psicosociales del sexting (acoso/ciberacoso, bienestar emocional). Los resultados indican que mayor extraversión y menor amabilidad y responsabilidad (T1) se relacionan con sexting (T2). El estudio permite también identificar qué facetas específicas de personalidad (T1) se asocian con el sexting registrado en T2. Además, los análisis de regresión muestran que la extraversión predice aumentos en sexting entre T1 y T2. En cuanto a las consecuencias, una alta implicación en sexting T1 predice descensos en la victimización y en las emociones positivas experimentadas entre T1 y T2. Por tanto, este estudio muestra que la personalidad permite predecir los cambios en sexting a lo largo de la adolescencia; el sexting, a su vez, parece asociarse a consecuencias psicosociales relevantes en este período del desarrollo. The relationships between personality and sexting have been scarcely studied. In addition, the scarcity of longitudinal studies about predictors and consequences of sexting is notorious. This study analyzed the longitudinal data from 624 adolescents who were evaluated on two occasions (T1 and T2) separated by a period of one year, and to whom questionnaires were administered to measure sexting, the personality traits of the five factor model (FFM), as well as possible psychosocial consequences of sexting. The results indicate that high extraversion and low agreeableness and conscientiousness (T1) are related to sexting (T2). In addition, the study also allows us to identify which specific facets of personality (T1) are associated with sexting registered in T2. On the other hand, regression analyses indicate that extraversion predicts increases in sexting between T1 and T2. As for the outcomes of sexting, a high involvement in sexting T1 predicts decreases in victimization and in the positive emotions experienced between T1 and T2. Therefore, this study shows that personality allows for prediction of changes in sexting throughout adolescence; sexting, in turn, seems to be associated with relevant psychosocial consequences in this developmental period.

scholarly journals Pre-performance routines for music students: An experimental pilot study

2020 ◽  
pp. 030573562095362
Author(s):  
Veronika J Tief ◽  
Peter Gröpel
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Performance Evaluations ◽  
Music Students ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Control Goal

Studies in sport psychology show that using a pre-performance routine (PPR), a set of cognitive and behavioral elements, prior to performing, optimizes sport performance under pressure. We attempt to extend this effect to music performance, employing individually developed PPRs based on the centering technique. The hypothesis is that musicians with a PPR perform better and experience higher self-efficacy under pressure than participants with a control, goal-setting intervention. Thirty violin performance students performed an audition excerpt in a low-pressure pretest and a high-pressure posttest. Pressure was induced by the presence of an audience and a jury. Half of the students practiced their individualized PPRs during a 5-week period between performances, whereas the other half applied a goal-setting intervention to their practice. Participants’ music performance was measured by five expert jurors and self-evaluations. The results showed that both intervention techniques were perceived as equally helpful by the participants, but this did not translate into jurors’ performance evaluations. There were no significant differences between the PPR and goal-setting groups in music performance, but the PPR group had higher self-efficacy in the posttest than the goal-setting group. Future studies should include a third group without any intervention.

scholarly journals The Effect of Salary Caps in Professional Team Sports on Social Welfare

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut M Dietl ◽  
Markus Lang ◽  
Alexander Rathke
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Welfare Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Large Market ◽  
Professional Team Sports ◽  
Salary Caps ◽  
Salary Cap

Abstract This paper provides a theoretical model of a team sports league and studies the welfare effect of salary caps. It shows that salary caps will increase competitive balance and decrease overall salary payments within the league. The resulting effect on social welfare is counter-intuitive and depends on the preference of fans for aggregate talent and for competitive balance. A salary cap that binds only for large-market clubs will increase social welfare if fans prefer aggregate talent despite the fact that the salary cap will result in lower aggregate talent. If fans prefer competitive balance, on the other hand, any binding salary cap will reduce social welfare.

Plateaus and Asymptotes

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne D. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Research Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Training Problem ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
Active User ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Learning And Performance

One hundred twenty years ago, the emergent field of experimental psychology debated whether plateaus of performance during training were real or not. Sixty years ago, the battle was over whether learning asymptoted or not. Thirty years ago, the research community was seized with concerns over stable plateaus at suboptimal performance levels among experts. Applied researchers viewed this as a systems problem and referred to it as the paradox of the active user. Basic researchers diagnosed this as a training problem and embraced deliberate practice. The concepts of plateaus and asymptotes and the distinction between the two are important as the questions asked and the means of overcoming one or the other differ. These questions have meaning as we inquire about the nature of performance limits in skilled behavior and the distinction between brain capacity and brain efficiency. This article brings phenomena that are hiding in the open to the attention of the research community in the hope that delineating the distinction between plateaus and asymptotes will help clarify the distinction between real versus “spurious limits” and advance theoretical debates regarding learning and performance.

scholarly journals Education as factor of social modernization.

Osvitolohiya ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Oleg Rafalsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Conceptual Models ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Characteristics ◽  
National Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Modernization ◽  
Educational Paradigm

The effectiveness of education is determined by the level of preparation of an individual to make the productive effects in order to provide personal and social development. In a great scheme of things, each educational system is designed to create the conditions for successful adaptation of an individual to the social and cultural realities of the society of a specific historical context. The worldview basis of the development of education turn out to be convincing, thus, the educational paradigm will acquire the effective characteristics, if it makes allowances for and uses professionally mutually potential action of the shaping factors of the development of education in particular and society in general. Each national educational system has to make allowances for the realistic resource limits of a country. If different conceptual models of education are based on different priorities for functioning and development of education, it proves either one thing or the other: either the lack of knowledge about the specific historical realities and perspectives of its society, or the intentions to make a tool for the satisfaction of other needs of the national education.

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