The Living Situation, and Social Capital and Its Related Factors of Adults Taking Shelter for a Long Time after the Catastrophic Earthquake

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain disorders and related factors among female school teachers of Peshawar. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted from February 2019 to July 2019 among primary and secondary female school teachers (n=289) in Peshawar. Data was collected from using semi-structured questionnaire. Outcome measures were based on modified version of Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ) and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Descriptive statistics was used to summarize qualitative variables in the form of frequencies and percentages. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative variables. Chi-square test was used to find association. The significant P value was <0.05. Results: Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain disorders was 82.7%. The overall mean age of sample was 37.5±8.47. Most common sites of pain were low back 60.2% followed by neck pain 50.2%, ankle pain 48.4% and shoulder pain 44.3%. Factors that showed significant relationship were long time standing (p=0.001), long time sitting (p=0.039), checking copy/paper marking (p value 0.023) and uncomfortable work chair/table (p = 0.012). Conclusion: Female school teachers showed high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain disorders, low back was the most common site for pain followed by ankle and shoulder. Risk factors associated with pain were long time standing, long time sitting, checking copy/paper marking and uncomfortable work chair/table. Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorder, ergonomics, Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, low back pain, neck pain.

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Non-emergency applications

10.32512/jmr/2.2.2019/2.3 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 2-3

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

Easy Access ◽

Utilization Rate ◽

Management Approach ◽

Health Practitioner ◽

Risk Averse ◽

Related Factors ◽

Familial Support ◽

Long Time ◽

Primary Health Care Centers

Overcrowding in emergency departments (ED) could delay and alter the quality of critical services provided. Despite the generalization of developed triage system, the rate of nonurgent applicants is still considerable worldwide. This usually leads to long waiting patients lists, healthcare practitioners over stress, and patients unsastisfaction. A recent literature review reported that between 4.8% to 90% of ED patients were potentially nonurgent cases and the sudden death cases reported in ED should be simply urgent; long waiting unmanaged cases [1]. Among the leading reasons for unsuitable use of ED for “nonurgent complaints.”; patients related factors are most frequent. Elderly patients with heavy chronic conditions and lack of familial support are frequent ED users. Some patients prefer the ED due to the easy access and availability of all investigation tools. Ed is always convenient providing nonstop care by trained specialized team. According to some studies; it has been proved that a higher rate of nonemergency application is noticed in case of unavailability of primary health care centers access and during off-clinic hours [2]. The delayed appointments, and the lack of access to outpatient clinics on evenings and weekends is usually influencing the patient’s attitude. Interestingly, some other reports showed that most of the patients admitted to the ED with mild and simple complaints are well educated, have good social status and do not have chronic diseases [3]. For these cases, wrong perception could be bilateral. The patient is always considering his personal case as extremely urgent; and the health practitioner could not infirm the emergency before the investigations. This risk-averse patient risk-averse doctor relationship could explain the major part of non-emergency applications [4]. With these overwhelmed available resources, the increase of nonurgent visits results in risks for patient safety. This problematic has been recognized long time ago. Since early 90s many triage systems were implemented. However only five level triage instruments are significantly correlated with resource utilization, rate of admission for inpatient treatment, duration of emergency management, and frequency of transfer to intensive care or mortality. Unfortunately, these instruments could not be generalized to all ED [5]. Several other solutions have been proposed. Gatekeeping; redirecting patient systems, or health services cost sharing were not enough and difficult to implement. The benefit a financial penalty for patients categorized as nonurgent after the consultation or targeting frequent users by case management approach is still unclear [6]. In our point of view; the solution to decrease the rate of nonurgent visits is outside of emergency room and not inside. The only valuable option is to provide an alternative to ED by improving the outpatient departments and primary healthcare centers services quality. With patient large sensibilization, the benefit should be perceptible.

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VARIOUS SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES ?? THE ISSUE OF SOCIAL TRUST

Main Issues Of Pedagogy And Psychology ◽

10.24234/miopap.v14i2.101 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 189-192

Author(s):

R. ALLAHYARAHMADI

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Social Trust ◽

Social Processes ◽

Long Time ◽

Sociological Approaches ◽

Sociological Studies

Social trust, as an outstanding component of social capital, has interested classical theorists of sociology for a long time, but in the last decades, as a result of particular social processes and social concepts it became more and more significant. In sociological studies, the concept of “Social trust” is considered at low, medium and high levels, as referred in this article.

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Human and social capital as drivers of entrepreneurship

Small Business International Review ◽

10.26784/sbir.v2i1.47 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 29-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Carolina Madriz ◽

Juan Carlos Leiva ◽

Ralph Henn

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Costa Rica ◽

Statistical Techniques ◽

Statistical Relationship ◽

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cultural Contexts ◽

Logistic Regressions ◽

Global Entrepreneurship ◽

Human And Social Capital

The objective of this study is to determine whether human and social capital are drivers of entrepreneurship. The methodology involves the estimation of descriptive and inferential statistical techniques such as logistic regressions and correlations of variables. It is focused on information from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor database for 2012 from Germany and Costa Rica. The results demonstrate that human and social capital, factors related to knowledge, have a positive statistical relationship with the propensity to become an entrepreneur. Little difference exists among knowledge-related factors across countries. They are mainly related to the cultural contexts, which affect the propensity to become an entrepreneur

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Consumption Value and Social Capital on Sense of Virtual Community Toward Value of Co-Created Information

Journal of Organizational and End User Computing ◽

10.4018/joeuc.2018010103 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 44-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hsin Hsin Chang ◽

Kit Hong Wong ◽

Cheng Joo Eng ◽

Shu-Hui Chen

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Information Needs ◽

Virtual Community ◽

Social Value ◽

Related Factors ◽

Structural Capital ◽

Consumption Values ◽

Emotional Value ◽

The Relationship ◽

Consumption Value

The proliferation of virtual community (VC) has considerably and positively influenced the dissemination of information, however, in what sense that VC members will contribute and co-create value to a VC information needs further discussion. Based on the consumption value (social value, emotional value, and epistemic value) and social capital (structural capital, relational capital, and cognitive capital) perspective, this study attempts to discuss the evaluation of related factors that affect generating of members' sense of virtual community (SOVC), in turn, enhance co-created value to the information. Moreover, extrovert/introvert type and virtual community origin are taken to measure the moderating effect of relationships among consumption values, social values, SOVC, and the value of co-created information. A total of 403 valid respondents were collected from Taiwan VC members and analyzed by using SEM technique. The statistical results demonstrated that social value, emotional value, structural capital and cognitive capital positively affect SOVC, and SOVC is positively related to the value of co-created information. Moreover, offline/ online originated VC significantly moderated the relationship between cognitive capital and members' SOVC. The study suggested that webmaster should use suitable incentive to motivate members' contribution and conduct more activities including discussion, leading out some good ideal from members, which to increase information co-created value in practice.

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Internationalisation of developing economy small and medium-sized enterprises: social capital and learning in Palestinian pharmaceutical firms

Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development ◽

10.1108/jsbed-06-2020-0230 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Grace Khoury ◽

Mira T. El-Far ◽

Elena Noor Khoury ◽

George Tovstiga

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Exploratory Research ◽

Developing Economy ◽

International Expansion ◽

Cognitive Mechanisms ◽

Related Factors ◽

Content Type ◽

Study Approach

PurposeThe paper examines the role of learning through social capital on the internationalisation process of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) based within extreme contexts. The study focuses on the Palestinian pharmaceutical industry.Design/methodology/approachThe inductive, exploratory research used in this study adopts a case study approach. Data derived from semi-structured in-depth interviews held with senior management and companies' founders were analysed using content and thematic analysis techniques.FindingsThe findings suggest that accumulated learning by SMEs seeking international expansion is enhanced with stronger social capital ties and networks through structural, relational and cognitive mechanisms. Serendipity and liability effects enabled modes of foreign entry with higher degrees of commitment than efficacy-related factors.Practical implicationsThe Palestinian pharmaceutical industry presents a benchmark for other industries in comparable developing economy contexts. This study elucidates the important interrelationship between social capital and learning for SMEs seeking to expand internationally; the findings have implications for regional policymaking in developing economy regions.Originality/valueThe case study investigation focuses on the pharmaceutical industry and SMEs operating within the extreme context of Palestine, thereby contributing insights in an area of management enquiry that is under-represented in the extant literature.

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Design and Social Factors Affecting the Formation of Social Capital in Chinese Community Garden

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su122410644 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 10644

Author(s):

Xiaoying Ding ◽

Yukun Zhang ◽

Jie Zheng ◽

Xiaopeng Yue

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Social Factors ◽

Green Infrastructure ◽

Effective Means ◽

Community Gardens ◽

Community Garden ◽

Chinese Community ◽

Related Factors ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Operational Activities

In recent years, community gardens are becoming more and more popular in China. However, the role of these community gardens varies significantly: some community gardens serve as an effective means of promoting social capital, while others cause social contradictions and public doubts due to the lack of professional design and management. Therefore, this paper aims to learn and better understand what factors affect the formation of social capital in Chinese community gardens. It screened eleven design factors and seven social factors and made social capital scale through literature review and expert workshop. On this basis, this study selected 35 community gardens in China as sample spaces, and collected 1257 questionnaires about the perception for social capital of gardeners through survey. In the statistical analysis phase, factor analysis and regression analysis were applied to analyze the role and the relative importance of different factors and social capital. Results show that the integration with green infrastructure, accessibility, size, visual openness, planting form, proportion of unproductive landscape, agricultural infrastructure, and smart infrastructure have significant impacts on social capital level. Meanwhile, the types of stakeholders, management rules, supervision system, self-management team, and operational activities have similar impacts on social capital level. This study recommends that planners and designers should adjust the above related factors in community garden design, and local government is urged to integrate community gardens into urban plans and public policies.

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Social Capital and Immigrants

Social Considerations of Migration Movements and Immigration Policies - Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-3322-1.ch009 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 143-153

Author(s):

Mehmet Menteşe

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

European Countries ◽

Illegal Immigrants ◽

Large Majority ◽

Social Benefits ◽

The Social ◽

The World ◽

Long Time ◽

Visa Application ◽

Rapid Pace

The world is facing an uncontrollable wave of immigration at an increasingly rapid pace. So much so that even the countries where a large majority of population is immigrant have begun to deport newly arrived immigrants. Some European countries also have been building huge walls or fencing barbed wires in their borders to keep out illegal immigrants. Some European states are also considering stopping the Schengen visa application which has been in practice for a long time. But, the social capital that the OECD defines as the glue may be one of the solutions we seek. In this study, both the possible individual and social benefits of the social capital of refugees forced to leave their countries and of the immigrants with temporary protected status will be assessed.

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Landed estates in operation

Nobility and patrimony in modern France ◽

10.7228/manchester/9781526120519.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth C. Macknight

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Social Relationships ◽

Gift Exchange ◽

French History ◽

Historical Scholarship ◽

Rural History ◽

Modern France ◽

Long Time ◽

History Of ◽

Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

In historical scholarship the economics of elite landowning in modern France remained for a long time ‘an almost virgin field’. As Theodore Zeldin observed, ‘historians have been interested far more in the history of peasant ownership’. Understanding peasant experiences is crucial for rural history that scholars such as Lefebvre, Le Roy Ladurie, and others placed at the very heart of French history, especially as it was practised within France. This chapter explains the economic operations of landed estates and the tripartite relations between owners, managers, and labourers. The analysis draws on Bourdieu’s writings about gift exchange and reproduction of social capital, and it uses correspondence, accounts, contracts and other archival evidence to document rural social relationships in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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Self Rated Health among Syrian refugees in Lebanon and Norway – a cross sectional study

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.047 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

J Haj-Younes ◽

E M Strømme ◽

W Hasha ◽

E Abildsnes ◽

L T Fadnes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Health Literacy ◽

Syrian Refugees ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Self Rated Health ◽

Low Health Literacy ◽

Long Time ◽

In Transit

Abstract Background Refugees are often exposed to various stressors before, during and after migration that can cause adverse health effects. Prior research indicates that the health status of refugees is a significant factor in determining their success in resettlement. This study aims to assess self-rated health (SRH) and factors associated with SRH among Syrian refugees in Lebanon and Norway. Methods The study uses a cross-sectional design with data from a self-administered survey among 827 adult Syrian asylum seekers of whom 506 were recruited in Lebanon, and 321 in Norway. Inclusion criteria were subjects who self-identified as Syrian nationals above the age of 16. The survey was conducted in 2017 and 2018 in collaboration with International Organization of Migration in Lebanon and through mandatory educational activities in Norway. Data analysis was performed for the main outcome self-rated health (SRH), a validated health status indicator, which was dichotomized into “good” and “poor” SRH. Odds Ratios for poor SRH were estimated adjusting for age, gender and country of residence. Results A total of 827 of 972 (85%) who were invited answered the questionnaire. The mean age was 33 years and 74% were men. Factors associated with good SRH were being Kurdish (AOR: 0.48 (0.23 to 0.97)) compared to Arabic ethnicity, being married (AOR 0.54 (0.29 to 0.99)) compared to being single, migrating alone (AOR 0.59 (0.37 to 0.96)) compared to co-migration and having low health literacy level (AOR: 0.64 (0.42 to 0.93)). In contrast, poor SRH was significantly increased with long time in transit country/ies (AOR 1.49 (1.07 to 2.06)) and with older age (age 30-34 AOR 3.2, age 35-39 AOR 2.2, age 40 + AOR 2.6) compared to age group 16-24. Conclusions Older refugees and those who stay long time in transit are at great risk of reporting poor SRH. Some of the factors associated with better health, like Kurdish ethnicity, low health literacy or migrating alone, deserve further research. Key messages Age and long stay in transit is associated with poor SRH among Syrian refugees. Demographic background and migrant related factors should be taken into account when planning refugee resettlement and healthcare provision.

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