scholarly journals Energy metabolism in the pancreas of ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) during prolonged cold exposure and in hibernation

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Janković ◽  
Anđelika Kalezić ◽  
Strahinja Đurić ◽  
Aleksandra Korać ◽  
Biljana Buzadžić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antioxidative Defence ◽  
Nuclear Respiratory Factor ◽  
Metabolic Remodeling ◽  
Spermophilus Citellus

Mammalian hibernators undergo a host of biochemical adaptations that allow them to survive the harsh cold environment and food restriction. Since the energy metabolism of the pancreas during hibernation remains unknown, we investigated the molecular basis of mitochondrial energy-producing pathways in line with their regulating mechanisms, as well as the (re)organization of antioxidative defence in the pancreas during the prehibernation period and in the hibernating state. To this end, male ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) were divided into two groups, the control group kept at room temperature (22±1 °C) and the group exposed to low temperature (4±1 °C). Active animals from the cold exposed group were sacrificed after 1, 3, 7, 12, and 21 days; animals that entered hibernation were sacrificed after 2-5 days of torpor. Our results showed that the protein levels of respiratory complexes I, II, IV and cytochrome c were increased in response to prolonged cold exposure (from day 12) and that such expression profiles were maintained during hibernation. In parallel, AMP-activated protein kinase a (AMPKa) and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) were shown to be upregulated. Moreover, prolonged cold exposure and hibernation induced an increase in the protein expression of antioxidative defence enzymes copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). In conclusion, these results point to a controlled metabolic remodeling in the pancreas of ground squirrels during prolonged cold exposure and in hibernation, which includes an improvement of mitochondrial oxidative capacity along with a proportional upregulation of antioxidative defence.

scholarly journals Lateral rectus muscle differentiation potential in paralytic esotropia patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Xia ◽  
Xiangtian Ling ◽  
Zhonghao Wang ◽  
Tao Shen ◽  
Minghao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Rectus Muscle ◽  
Lateral Rectus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Lateral Rectus Muscle

Abstract Purpose and background Recently, we found that maximal medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection in patients with complete lateral rectus paralysis resulted in a partial restoration of abduction. In an attempt to understand some of the mechanisms involved with this effect we examined gene expression profiles of lateral recti from these patients, with our focus being directed to genes related to myogenesis. Materials and methods Lateral recti resected from patients with complete lateral rectus paralysis and those from concomitant esotropia (controls) were collected. Differences in gene expression profiles between these two groups were examined using microarray analysis and quantitative Reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Results A total of 3056 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between these two groups. Within the paralytic esotropia group, 2081 genes were up-regulated and 975 down-regulated. The results of RT-PCR revealed that PAX7, MYOG, PITX1, SIX1 and SIX4 showed higher levels of expression, while that of MYOD a lower level of expression within the paralytic esotropia group as compared with that in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion The decreased expression of MYOD in the paralytic esotropia group suggested that extraocular muscle satellite cell (EOMSCs) differentiation processes were inhibited. Whereas the high expression levels of PAX7, SIX1/4 and MYOG, suggested that the EOMSCs were showing an effective potential for differentiation. The stimulation resulting from muscle surgery may induce EOMSCs to differentiate and thus restore abduction function.

scholarly journals Metatranscriptomic analysis of colonic microbiota’s functional response to different dietary fibers in growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Xu ◽  
Rongying Xu ◽  
Menglan Jia ◽  
Yong Su ◽  
Weiyun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Colonic Microbiota

Abstract Background Dietary fibers are widely considered to be beneficial to health as they produce nutrients through gut microbial fermentation while facilitating weight management and boosting gut health. To date, the gene expression profiles of the carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) that respond to different types of fibers (raw potato starch, RPS; inulin, INU; pectin, PEC) in the gut microbes of pigs are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the functional response of colonic microbiota to different dietary fibers in pigs through metatranscriptomic analysis. Results The results showed that the microbial composition and CAZyme structure of the three experimental groups changed significantly compared with the control group (CON). Based on a comparative analysis with the control diet, RPS increased the abundance of Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium and Alloprevotella but decreased Sutterella; INU increased the relative abundance of Fusobacterium and Rhodococcus but decreased Bacillus; and PEC increased the relative abundance of the Streptococcus and Bacteroidetes groups but decreased Clostridium, Clostridioides, Intestinibacter, Gemmiger, Muribaculum and Vibrio. The gene expression of CAZymes GH8, GH14, GH24, GH38, GT14, GT31, GT77 and GT91 downregulated but that of GH77, GH97, GT3, GT10 and GT27 upregulated in the RPS diet group; the gene expression of AA4, AA7, GH14, GH15, GH24, GH26, GH27, GH38, GH101, GT26, GT27 and GT38 downregulated in the INU group; and the gene expression of PL4, AA1, GT32, GH18, GH37, GH101 and GH112 downregulated but that of CE14, AA3, AA12, GH5, GH102 and GH103 upregulated in the PEC group. Compared with the RPS and INU groups, the composition of colonic microbiota in the PEC group exhibited more diverse changes with the variation of CAZymes and Streptococcus as the main contributor to CBM61, which greatly promoted the digestion of pectin. Conclusion The results of this exploratory study provided a comprehensive overview of the effects of different fibers on nutrient digestibility, gut microbiota and CAZymes in pig colon, which will furnish new insights into the impacts of the use of dietary fibers on animal and human health.

Tolerance of estrogen-treated rats to acute cold exposure

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Fregly ◽  
D. L. Kelleher ◽  
D. J. Black
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maximal Rate ◽  
Acute Cold Exposure ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rate Of Cooling

Female rats treated chronically with ethynylestradiol (36 micrograms/kg per day) alone, and in combination with the progestational agent, norethynodrel (253 micrograms/kg per day), cooled significantly faster than controls when lightly restrained and exposed to air at 5 degrees C. Rate of cooling of rats given only norethynodrel was similar to that of the control group. In other studies, rate of oxygen consumption was determined for all groups during acute exposure to cold (14 degrees C). All estrogen-treated groups achieved the same maximal rate of oxygen consumption as control and norethynodrel-treated groups during cold exposure, but cooled significantly faster. Two groups of female rats were treated chronically with ethynylestradiol at two separate doses (36 and 61 micrograms/kg per day). An untreated group served as controls. Rate of oxygen consumption of all animals were measured during restraint and exposure to cold (18 degrees C). The estrogen-treated groups again achieved the same maximal rate of oxygen consumption as the control group, but also cooled significantly faster despite the fact that the cold stress was less severe than in the previous experiment. That estrogen-treated rats cooled faster than controls in both studies despite achieving a maximal rate of heat production which did not differ from controls suggests that reduced cold tolerance of estrogen-treated rats may be related to increased heat loss.

scholarly journals Forgot to Exercise? Exercise Derived Circulating Myokines in Alzheimer's Disease: A Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Gupta ◽  
Rizwan Khan ◽  
Constanza J. Cortes
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Metabolic Remodeling ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Ad Prevention

Regular exercise plays an essential role in maintaining healthy neurocognitive function and central nervous system (CNS) immuno-metabolism in the aging CNS. Physical activity decreases the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is associated with better AD prognosis, and positively affects cognitive function in AD patients. Skeletal muscle is an important secretory organ, communicating proteotoxic and metabolic stress to distant tissues, including the CNS, through the secretion of bioactive molecules collectively known as myokines. Skeletal muscle undergoes significant physical and metabolic remodeling during exercise, including alterations in myokine expression profiles. This suggests that changes in myokine and myometabolite secretion may underlie the well-documented benefits of exercise in AD. However, to date, very few studies have focused on specific alterations in skeletal muscle-originating secreted factors and their potential neuroprotective effects in AD. In this review, we discuss exercise therapy for AD prevention and intervention, and propose the use of circulating myokines as novel therapeutic tools for modifying AD progression.

scholarly journals Dienogest exerts its anti-endometriotic effect throughthe direct suppression of matrix metallopeptidases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Honda ◽  
Norihisa Nishimichi ◽  
Michinori Yamashita ◽  
Yumiko Akimoto ◽  
Hirotoshi Tanimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Canonical Pathways ◽  
Hormonal Therapies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Direct Suppression

Abstract Background: Endometriosis, which affects up to 10% women of reproductive age, is defined by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus. The current key drug of hormonal therapies for endometriosis is dienogest, which is a progestin with high specificity for the progesterone receptor. Although many findings about the anti-endometriotic effect of dienogest on endometriosis have been reported, the precise mechanisms of dienogest's anti-endometriotic effect remain unknown. Methods: To investigate the direct anti-endometriotic effect of dienogest on endometriotic cells, we determined and compared the genome-wide gene expression profiles of endometriotic stromal cells treated with dienogest (Dienogest group) and those not treated with dienogest (Control group) and then performed a pathway analysis using these data. To test the microarray data, we performed real-time RT-PCRs for matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, MMP-10, and TIMP-4.Results: Six-hundred forty-seven genes were revealed to be differentially expressed between the Dienogest and Control groups. Of them, 314 genes were upregulated and 333 genes were downregulated in the Dienogest group compared to the Control group. We identified 20 canonical pathways that are significantly distinct in the Dienogest group versus the Control group. Among the 20 canonical pathways, MMPs including MMP-1, -3, and -10 were found to be the most involved genes. Conclusions: Our results suggest that dienogest may exert its anti-endometriotic effect through the direct suppression of MMPs.

scholarly journals Clinical efficacy of oxidative stress correction by actovegin in diabetic polyneuropathy at type 2 diabetic patients with arterial hypertension

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Ivan Petrovich Gorshkov ◽  
Vladimir Ivanovich Zoloedov ◽  
Anna Petrovna Volynkina
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Diabetic Polyneuropathy ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Total Antioxidant

Aim. To study Actovegin efficacy in oxidative stress (OS) correction at diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2)and arterial hypertension (AH).Materials and Methods. 51 patients (24 women and 27 men) aged 53.4?0.7 with the average duration of DM2 5.6?0.2 years, DPN - 4.9?0.2years and AH - 6.0?0.2 years were examined. Daily albuminuria, glomerular filtration rate (GRF) were evaluated, standard methods for diagnosisof DPN were used. 26 patients took Actovegin therapy during 6-8 weeks, the rest 25 patients were in the control group. Parameters of the OS werestudied. Results. The increase of total oxidative capacity, the decrease of total antioxidant capacity and the rise of levels of antibodies to oxidated LDL wererevealed in patients with DM2, DPN and AH. Antioxidant and anti-hypoxic effects of 400 mg/day of Actovegin were established in this group of patients.Conclusions. Actovegin impacts oxidative stress parameters and improves the clinical manifestation of diabetic polyneuropathy.

scholarly journals Identification of Novel Long Noncoding RNAs and Their Role in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Abulaihaiti Maitiseyiti ◽  
Hongbo Ci ◽  
Qingbo Fang ◽  
Sheng Guan ◽  
Alimujiang Shawuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm ◽  
Aortic Aneurysm ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Abdominal Aortic

Objective. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical molecular regulators in various diseases. However, the potential regulatory role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains elusive. The aim of this study was to identify crucial lncRNAs associated with human AAA by comparing the lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles of patients with AAA with those of control individuals. Materials and Methods. The expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs were analyzed in five dilated aortic samples from AAA patients and three normal aortic samples from control individuals using microarray technology. Functional annotation of the screened lncRNAs based on the differentially expressed genes was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Results. Microarray results revealed 2046 lncRNAs and 1363 mRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the mRNAs significantly associated with AAA were enriched in the NOD-like receptor (NLR) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways and in cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which are closely associated with pathophysiological changes in AAA. The lncRNAs identified using microarray analysis were further validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis with 12 versus 11 aortic samples. Finally, three key lncRNAs (ENST00000566954, ENST00000580897, and T181556) were confirmed using strict validation. A coding-noncoding coexpression (CNC) network and a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network were constructed to determine the interaction among the lncRNAs, microRNAs, and mRNAs based on the confirmed lncRNAs. Conclusions. Our microarray profiling analysis and validation of significantly expressed lncRNAs between patients with AAA and control group individuals may provide new diagnostic biomarkers for AAA. The underlying regulatory mechanisms of the confirmed lncRNAs in AAA pathogenesis need to be determined using in vitro and in vivo experiments.

scholarly journals Expression profiles of glutathione S-transferases genes in semi-engorged Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) exposed to Cymbopogon citratus essential oil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond Onyeka Agwunobi ◽  
Tingwei Pei ◽  
Xiaoshuang Wang ◽  
Zhijun Yu ◽  
Jing-Ze Liu
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases

Abstract Background: The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is well known as vector of several zoonotic pathogens responsible for various clinical conditions, increasingly threatens the veterinary and public health. It is mainly distributed in East Asia, New Zealand, Australia, and several Pacific islands, and has been expanded rapidly in United States since its first founding on a nonimported domestic sheep in New Jersey. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are phase II detoxification enzymes, which function via combining with pesticidal molecules and catalyzing the conjugation of molecules by thiol of glutathione, so as to protect tissues from oxidative stress damage. In the tick H. longicornis, glutathione S-transferases (HlGST and HlGST2) have been previously identified. However, the relationship between the expression of glutathione S-transferases and the essential oil treatment in ticks remains unexplored. Hence, in the present study, the expression profiles of HlGST and HlGST2 mRNAs were evaluated in H. longicornis after exposure to Cymbopogon citratus essential oil. Results: At 24 h post-exposure of H. longicornis to different sublethal concentrations of C. citratus essential oil, ANOVA results revealed significant difference (F2,6 = 55.94, P = 0.0001) in the expression of HlGST. Tukey’s test showed that HlGST was significantly induced after treatment with 1% C. citratus essential oil (P = 0.0002); whereas no significant difference (P = 0.3551) was detected after treated by 2% C. citratus essential oil. No significant difference (F2,6 = 0.8990, P = 0.4555) in the expression of HlGST2 between the treatment and the control group of 50% ethanol. Nevertheless, the under-expression of HlGST2 in the treatment groups versus the untreated control group was not significant (F3,8 = 2.643, P = 0.1208). Conclusion: The results implied that GST mRNA is a potential molecular target for C. citratus essential oil in H. longicornis. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the GST at the molecular level could contribute to develop effective control measures for ticks and tick-borne diseases.

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