Expression profiles of glutathione S-transferases genes in semi-engorged Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) exposed to Cymbopogon citratus essential oil

Abstract Background: The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is well known as vector of several zoonotic pathogens responsible for various clinical conditions, increasingly threatens the veterinary and public health. It is mainly distributed in East Asia, New Zealand, Australia, and several Pacific islands, and has been expanded rapidly in United States since its first founding on a nonimported domestic sheep in New Jersey. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are phase II detoxification enzymes, which function via combining with pesticidal molecules and catalyzing the conjugation of molecules by thiol of glutathione, so as to protect tissues from oxidative stress damage. In the tick H. longicornis, glutathione S-transferases (HlGST and HlGST2) have been previously identified. However, the relationship between the expression of glutathione S-transferases and the essential oil treatment in ticks remains unexplored. Hence, in the present study, the expression profiles of HlGST and HlGST2 mRNAs were evaluated in H. longicornis after exposure to Cymbopogon citratus essential oil. Results: At 24 h post-exposure of H. longicornis to different sublethal concentrations of C. citratus essential oil, ANOVA results revealed significant difference (F2,6 = 55.94, P = 0.0001) in the expression of HlGST. Tukey’s test showed that HlGST was significantly induced after treatment with 1% C. citratus essential oil (P = 0.0002); whereas no significant difference (P = 0.3551) was detected after treated by 2% C. citratus essential oil. No significant difference (F2,6 = 0.8990, P = 0.4555) in the expression of HlGST2 between the treatment and the control group of 50% ethanol. Nevertheless, the under-expression of HlGST2 in the treatment groups versus the untreated control group was not significant (F3,8 = 2.643, P = 0.1208). Conclusion: The results implied that GST mRNA is a potential molecular target for C. citratus essential oil in H. longicornis. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the GST at the molecular level could contribute to develop effective control measures for ticks and tick-borne diseases.

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Expression profiles of glutathione S-transferases genes in semi-engorged Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) exposed to Cymbopogon citratus essential oil

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.25.5.12 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 918-930

Author(s):

Desmond O. Agwunobi ◽

Tingwei Pei ◽

Jia Yang ◽

Xiaoshuang Wang ◽

Lihong Lv ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Control Measures ◽

Detoxification Enzymes ◽

Effective Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Glutathione S Transferases

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are phase II detoxification enzymes, which function via combining with pesticidal molecules and catalyzing the conjugation of molecules by thiol of glutathione, so as to protect tissues from oxidative stress damage. In the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, glutathione S-transferases (HlGST and HlGST2) have been previously identified. However, the relationship between the transcription of glutathione S-transferases and the essential oil treatment in ticks remains unexplored. Hence, in the present study, the transcription profiles of HlGST and HlGST2 mRNAs were evaluated in H. longicornis after exposure to Cymbopogon citratus essential oil. At 24 h post-exposure of H. longicornis to different sublethal concentrations of C. citratus essential oil, there was significant difference (P = 0.0001) in the transcription of HlGST. Tukey’s test showed that HlGST was significantly induced after treatment with 1% C. citratus essential oil (P = 0.0002); whereas no significant difference (P = 0.3551) was detected after treated by 2% C. citratus essential oil. No significant difference (P = 0.4555) in the transcription of HlGST2 between the treatment and the control group of 50% ethanol. Nevertheless, the down-regulation of HlGST2 in the treatment groups versus the untreated control group was not significant (P = 0.1208). The above results imply that the essential oil can modulate the expression of GST mRNA, therefore, further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the GST at the molecular level could contribute to the development of effective control measures for ticks and tick-borne diseases.

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Antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) essential oil on Streptococcus mutans biofilm and cytotoxic effect on keratinocytes and fibroblasts

Revista de Biología Tropical ◽

10.15517/rbt.v66i4.33140 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 1519

Author(s):

Mailen Ortega Cuadros ◽

Adriana Patricia Tofiño Rivera ◽

Luciano Jose Merini ◽

Maria Cecilia Martinez Pabon

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Human Fibroblasts ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Efficient Alternative

Dental caries is a pathology of multifactorial origin and currently natural products are an efficient alternative treatment; The work sought to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and the citral and myrcene components against Streptococcus mutans ATCC UA159, as well as their cytotoxicity on keratinocytes and human fibroblasts. The viability effect against Streptococcus mutans on biofilms was evaluated through exposure to the three substances by using the MBEC technique-high-throughput at concentrations of 1, 0.1, and 0.01 µg/mL and chlorhexidine as positive control. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated on keratinocytes and fibroblasts through the MTT reduction technique, using 0.5 mM H2O2 as cell-death control (negative control) and ethanol 1% as vehicle control (positive control). The three substances evaluated had effects on the viability of Streptococcus mutans with mortality between 74% and 96%, without significant difference among them (p > 0.393); additionally, no cytotoxicity was evident on keratinocytes and fibroblasts in a 24-h treatment. The substances evaluated showed significant antimicrobial effects; hence, these should be studied further as potential co-adjuvants to prevent dental caries that cause minor adverse effects

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Network Structure Analysis Identifying Key Genes of Autism and Its Mechanism

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/3753080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Yanhui Wang ◽

Yanming Kou ◽

Dazhi Meng

Keyword(s):

Expression Profiles ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Enrichment Analysis ◽

Average Degree ◽

Control Group ◽

Original Research ◽

Cardiovascular Development ◽

Correlation Networks ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Key Genes

Identifying the key genes of autism is of great significance for understanding its pathogenesis and improving the clinical level of medicine. In this paper, we use the structural parameters (average degree) of gene correlation networks to identify genes related to autism and study its pathogenesis. Based on the gene expression profiles of 82 autistic patients (the experimental group, E) and 64 healthy persons (the control group, C) in NCBI database, spearman correlation networks are established, and their average degrees under different thresholds are analyzed. It is found that average degrees of C and E are basically separable at the full thresholds. This indicates that there is a clear difference between the network structures of C and E, and it also suggests that this difference is related to the mechanism of disease. By annotating and enrichment analysis of the first 20 genes (MD-Gs) with significant difference in the average degree, we find that they are significantly related to gland development, cardiovascular development, and embryogenesis of nervous system, which support the results in Alter et al.’s original research. In addition, FIGF and CSF3 may play an important role in the mechanism of autism.

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Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. on Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus mutans and Candida spp.

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais ◽

10.1590/s1516-05722013000400002 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 474-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

RBA Almeida ◽

G Akisue ◽

LML Cardoso ◽

JC Junqueira ◽

AO C Jorge

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Control Group ◽

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Biofilm Growth ◽

Micro Organisms ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

Medicinal plants with fungicide action, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects are under investigation. The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. on strains of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus mutans and Candida spp. with planktonic and biofilm growth. To study the micro-organisms in planktonic cells, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by using 9 clinical strains for each species and 1 ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) from C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. mutans. In order to evaluate the effects of the essential oils on biofilms, strains of S. aureus (ATCC 6538), S. mutans (ATCC 35688) and C. albicans (ATCC 18804) were used. The biofilm was formed on acrylic resin discs with isolated micro-organisms or in associations. The number of colony-forming-units (CFU) obtained in each biofilm (CFU/ml) was submitted to Student's t statistical test. The results demonstrated that the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus showed microbiostatic and microbicidal activity against all tested strains. The average CFU/ml for the biofilm of S. aureus, S. mutans and C. albicans, whether isolated or in association, was lower in the group treated with essential oil than in the control group.

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Compare the effect of aromatherapy using lavender and Damask rose essential oils on the level of anxiety and severity of pain following C-section: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2019-0141 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Ali Abbasijahromi ◽

Hamed Hojati ◽

Saeid Nikooei ◽

Hossein Kargar Jahromi ◽

Hamid Reza Dowlatkhah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Randomized Clinical Trial ◽

Control Group ◽

Content Type ◽

Gate Control Theory ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Damask Rose

AbstractBackgroundAnxiety is the most common psychological reaction in women during labor. Similar to numerous other surgeries, postoperative pain is also reported following cesarean section (C-section). According to the (Gate) Control Theory, there is a relationship between pain and psychological problems such as anxiety. Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the effect of aromatherapy using lavender and Damask rose essential oils on the level of anxiety and severity of pain following C-section.MethodsThis triple-group randomized clinical trial was performed on 90 mothers who visited Motahari Hospital of Jahrom, Iran, for C-section in 2017. The incidence and severity of pain and anxiety were measured and recorded for all three groups prior to intervention. The intervention groups underwent aromatherapy with lavender and Damask rose essential oils. Patients were asked to inhale cotton balls, separately stained with three drops of each essential oil at a distance of 10 cm for 30 mins. The severity of pain and anxiety was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) 5 min after the specified process, respectively. The control group underwent aromatherapy in a similar fashion with normal saline. Finally, data were analyzed using descriptive statistical indices and ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests in SPSS 21.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the three groups in the mean severity of pain and anxiety before the intervention (p>0.05). The mean severity of pain and overt anxiety in the lavender and Damask rose aromatherapy groups was significantly different than the control group after the intervention (p<0.001). In addition, no significant difference was observed between the overt and overall anxiety levels of the two intervention groups after the intervention (p>0.05).ConclusionsThe findings suggested that inhalation aromatherapy can reduce the severity of overt anxiety and pain after C-section, with Damask rose essential oil showing a larger effect than lavender.

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Anthelmintic activity of Cymbopogon citratus against Haemonchus contortus

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612015059 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 268-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo ◽

Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira ◽

Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro ◽

Jessica Maria Leite dos Santos ◽

Kaline das Chagas Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Meriones Unguiculatus ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Control Group ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Egg Hatching

Parasitic nematodes are of major economic importance in livestock. An alternative for the control of parasites is phytotherapy. This study evaluated the efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus decoction (CcD), C. citratus essential oil (CcEo) and citral against Haemonchus contortus using in vitro egg hatch test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT) and an in vivo test using a Meriones unguiculatus (gerbil) model. The effect of 800 mg/kg CcEo was evaluated in gerbils that had been artificially infected with 5,000 third-stage H. contortus larvae. The effective concentrations required to inhibit 50% (EC50) of egg hatching were 0.46, 0.14 and 0.13 mg/mL for CcD, CcEo and citral, respectively. The EC50 values in the LDT were 5.04, 1.92 and 1.37 mg/mL for CcD, CcEo and citral, respectively. H. contortus population in the group treated with C. citratus essential oil was reduced by 38.5% (P< 0.05) in comparison to the control group. These results suggest that it may be possible to use C. citratusessential oil to control of H. contortus parasite of small ruminant.

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NEDD4-1 Modulates the Resistance of Multiple Myeloma to Bortezomib

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v128.22.2068.2068 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 128 (22) ◽

pp. 2068-2068

Author(s):

Xi Huang ◽

Enfan Zhang ◽

Xing Guo ◽

Jing Chen ◽

Xuanru Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Myeloma ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Gene Array ◽

Cell Counting ◽

Control Group ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is among the most common hematologic malignancies. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Bor) is one of the most effective drugs for treatment of MM. However, during long-term Bor treatment, MM cells may eventually develop acquired-resistance to Bor which results in recurrence and a poor prognosis of MM. Several researches show that E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) primarily determine the substrate specificity of ubiquitin proteasome system and play an essential role in Bor resistance of MM. NEDD4-1 E3s, a founding member of the Neural precursor cell-Expressed Developmentally Downregulated gene 4 (NEDD4) family, was proved to involve in the proliferation, migration, invasion of cancer cells and the sensitivity of anticancer therapies. Our current study aims to explore the role and underlying mechanism of NEDD4-1 in acquired resistance of Bor in MM. Methods: The mRNA and protein levels of NEDD4-1 and its substrates in MM cell lines (H929, LP-1, RPMI8226, OPM-2 and ARP-1) and MM patients were detected by Quantitative Realtime PCR and Western Blotting. Lentiviral plasmids containing shRNA against NEDD4-1 were transfected into MM cells. Cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells were measured by Cell Counting kit8 (CCK8) and flow cytometry. Gene array was used to compare the gene expression profiles of a panel of Bor treated MM cells vs vehicle-treated MM cells. Results: Gene array showed NEDD4-1 was significantly increased in MM cells treated with Bor. MM cells (CD138+ plasma cells of the bone marrow) from refractory/recurrence patients expressed lower NEDD4-1 than primary patient myeloma cells. Also, MM cell lines H929, ARP-1, LP-1 highly expressed NEDD4-1 at mRNA and protein levels. RPMI8226 and OPM-2 were relatively low expressed. Cell growth assay displayed no significant difference in proliferation between the NEDD4-1 knockdown (KD) and the control group (P>0.05). After suppression of NEDD4-1 using shRNAs, the killing effect of Bor in MM was significantly weaker than the control group (P<0.05). We also found that PTEN was decreased in the NEDD4-1 KD H929 cell line. Otherwise, phospho-STAT3 (ser727) and oncoprotein c-Myc and Bcl-2 were upregulated. Conclusion: Collectively, our study reveals that inhibition of NEDD4-1 can reduce MM sensitivity to Bor via regulating PTEN, c-Myc and Bcl-2, may be related to JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which suggests that NEDD4-1 probably acts as a novel drug target and therapeutic paradigm in the battle against multiple myeloma. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Cytokine expression profiles of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) detected by multiplex assay

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.18530 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽

pp. 18530-18530

Author(s):

V. B. Reddy ◽

D. K. Oelschlager ◽

J. S. Nolan ◽

K. L. Taylor ◽

J. Post ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Expression Profiles ◽

Recovery Phase ◽

Cytokine Expression ◽

Multiplex Assay ◽

Myelogenous Leukemia ◽

Control Group ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Low Levels

18530 Background: To determine the cytokine expression profiles of patients with AML and NHL using a sensitive bead-based Luminex multiplex assay in a routine clinical diagnostic setting. Methods: Blood (plasma/serum) samples were collected from ten AML and five NHL patients. Six control samples from patients diagnosed as non-neoplastic/non-autoimmune/non-inflammatory were also analyzed for comparison. All samples were frozen prior to analysis. Using a bead-based Luminex assay (Human Cytokine 8-Plex Assay, Bio- Rad, Hercules, CA) we analyzed these samples for a panel of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha). This assay uses polystyrene microspheres, which provides simultaneous quantitation of these cytokines in a single sample. The expression levels were presented in picograms/mL. Average values for each of these markers were obtained for each group of patients (AML versus NHL versus Controls), and their expression levels were compared using χ2 analysis. Results: Overall, there was a significant difference in the expression profiles of all these cytokines among three patients groups (χ2, P < 0.001). All cytokines were consistently expressed at low levels in NHL patients as compared to control group. However, the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were increased by 2.7 and 5.8 times, respectively in AML patients as compared to controls. Conclusions: The low levels of cytokines in NHL and AML patients suggest suppressed immune system in these two disease conditions; however, these findings warrant further studies to explore the underlying mechanisms for the increased levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in AML patients. Currently, studies are in progress to compare the levels of cytokines measured by Luminiex assay in different stages of leukemias and lymphomas (initial, post treatment and recovery phase etc.). These studies are partially funded by grants from the National Institute of Health/National Cancer Institute (RO1-CA98932–01 and U24-CA086359). No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Cymbopogon citratus essential oil has hepato/renal protection and anti-genotoxicity against carbon tetrachloride

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v11i0.3219 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. e3219

Author(s):

Maha Aly Fahmy ◽

Fawzia Abd Elfatah Aly ◽

Emad Mohamed Hassan ◽

Ayman Ali Farghaly ◽

Entesar Elsayed Hassan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Tetrachloride ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Glutathione Transferase ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Critical Role ◽

Control Plant ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Renal Protection

Nowadays, there is an increasing trend to use aromatherapy for treatment of various diseases. Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) is one of many plants which have been reported to employ successfully in aromatherapy. Herein we decided to explore the protective role of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (CCEO) against hepato/renal damage and genotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and the relation of this bioactivity with its chemical constituents. Six main groups of mice (five/each) were examined: I- represents negative control group, II and III- mice received oral treatment with CCl4 (1mL/kg, positive control) and CCEO (0.3 mL/kg, control plant) respectively for five consecutive days and IV-VI- represent groups of mice treated with CCEO at the three concentrations 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mL/kg plus CCl4 (five consecutive days treatment). Remarkable adverse effects of CCl4 in all the tested parameters were recorded. These effects were distinguished as an increment in the level of all liver marker enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, γ-GT), blood urea, and creatinine. Also the oxidative stress biomarkers: malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione-transferase GST were affected after CCl4 treatment. Regarding to the genotoxic effect of CCl4, the percentage of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow and spermatocyte cells was elevated (p< 0.05) compared with the negative control. Notable antioxidant, hepato/renal protection and anti-mutagenic potency of CCEO against CCl4 were demonstrated with a dose-related relationship. GC/MS analysis demonstrated the presence of 12 phytochemical constituents which in combination play a critical role in its antioxidant/antigenotoxic efficacy. The major components exist were E. Citral (35.13%) and Geraniol (32.83%).

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Effect of Lavender Essential Oil Inhalation on Anxiety Level for Patients Undergoing Closed Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Evidence-Based Nursing Research ◽

10.47104/ebnrojs3.v2i3.137 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Eman A. A. Dabou ◽

Yasmin F. M. AbdElazeem ◽

Hend A. E. Elshenawie

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Anxiety Level ◽

University Hospital ◽

Control Group ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Significant Difference

Contents: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the medical diagnostic imaging techniques that can provoke or exaggerate anxiety in certain patients. It may sometimes lead to the cancelation of the MRI. The lavender essential oil has a long historical anxiolytic benefit. Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of lavender essential oil inhalation with a massage on anxiety level for patients undergoing closed magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: A quasi-experimental research (study/control group) was used to achieve the aim of this study. The study conducted at Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit in Main University Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt. A convenient sample of 100 patients divided into the study and control group (50 patients for each). Two tools were used in the present study. Those were structured interview questionnaire that elicited the patients' sociodemographic characteristics, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to identify the patients' anxiety levels. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between both groups concerning the anxiety level before the MRI procedure (χ2=2.041, P = 0.495). While there were statistically significant differences between both groups concerning anxiety level post-MRI procedure and after receiving of interventions (χ2 =35.135, P=0.000), there was a highly statistically significant difference between anxiety level before and after receiving intervention in study group patients (t= 77.059, P=0.000). Conclusion: Patients undergoing a closed magnetic resonance imaging who inhaled and massaged their hands with Lavender essential oil exhibited a reduced level of anxiety compared to the control group and compared to their preintervention level. The study recommended using the lavender essential oil, which is an inexpensive and noninvasive intervention in reducing MRI anxiety or other anxiety-producing procedures.

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