scholarly journals The Chaves Drawing, the Galvin Murúa, and the Miccinelli Claims Regarding Guaman Poma’s Nueva corónica

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Ivan Boserup
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
The State ◽  
International Debate ◽  
Colonial Peru ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
Facsimile Edition ◽  
The Status ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Many

Ivan Boserup: The Chaves Drawing, the Galvin Murúa Manuscript, and the Miccinelli Claims Regarding Guaman Poma’s Nueva corónica Among the many extraordinary claims of the Miccinelli manuscripts kept in a private collection in Naples and published in 1989 and later, one of those most urgently in need of being closely investigated has concerned the authorship of one of the treasures of the Royal Library of Denmark: the autograph manuscript of the Nueva corónica (Ms. GKS 2232 4º). Authorship of this manuscript has traditionally been assigned, in accordance with its title page and other evidence, to the Andean Indian Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (1560?–1616?). Yet, in spite of the flat rejection of the Miccinelli material by the vast majority of leading specialists of the history and literature of early colonial Peru (see Adorno 1998; Zuidema 2001), the Miccinelli claims continue to find adepts at large and sometimes arouse new, fruitless debates. In 2012, however, it was revealed that a drawing included in one of the key manuscripts of the Miccinelli collection, a Contract which states that the mestizo chronicler and Jesuit Father Blas Valera was the real author of the Nueva corónica, is basically a tracing of a drawing of the Nueva corónica as reproduced from a retouched photograph in the facsimile edition of the Nueva corónica that was published in Paris in 1936 (see Boserup and Krabbe Meyer 2012; 2015). Following up on this material proof of the presence of recent forgeries within the Miccinelli collection, the present paper discusses the authenticity of a closely related drawing (the Chaves drawing) discovered c.1998 in the State Archives of Naples. This latter item turns out to be, in all probability, another recent tracing of a drawing of the Nueva corónica, based on the 1936 facsimile edition. The reason for discussing the Chaves drawing so many years later is a suggestion made in 2015 by the art historian Thomas B. F. Cummins (Harvard University). According to Cummins, the Chaves drawing is an authentic creation of Guaman Poma (see Cummins 2015). It is argued, however, that Professor Cummins’s superficial examination of the drawing and his advocacy of its authenticity are closely related to a theory developed by him in 2013 together with the renowned Peruvian anthropologist Juan Ossio (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima) and supported by Conservator at the Getty Museum Nancy K. Turner (2015). Their view, which is inspired by an outdated suggestion of the historian Manuel Ballesteros (1911–2002), is that the Chaves drawing may originate from the manuscript of the long lost illustrated chronicle (1596) of Martín de Murúa (the Galvin Murúa) supposedly consisting to a large extent of illustrated folios originating from other sources. The evidence of the Galvin Murúa itself does not, however, corroborate this view (see Adorno and Boserup 2005; 2008). Hence, as in the case of the demonstrably fake Contract, it is argued that the Chaves drawing was produced in the late 1990s and “dropped” in the State Archives of Naples so as to be innocently “discovered” by a scholar working there, and later promoted as “external” evidence of the authenticity and historical relia­bility of the two main Miccinelli manuscripts. By stepping right into this trap nearly twenty years after others have been lured into it (Cantù 2001; Laurencich Minelli 2001; 2007), Cummins has taken the risk of being counted among the supporters of the Miccinelli manuscripts and of stirring up once more an international debate on the status of forged or corrupted material, which one can hope, however, will be thwarted at an early stage by the present analysis.

Obvious and Improbable in Kuhnian Normal Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-161
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Dorozhkin ◽  
Anna V. Sakharova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Normal Science ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
Trading Zones ◽  
The Status

The article is devoted to the analysis of some specific characteristics of the language of normal science described by Thomas Kuhn. We would like to draw attention to two problems associated with some features of the concept of paradigms. The first problem relates to the question, how scientists belonging to one paradigm record the position of a group of scientists adhering to another paradigm. Precisely, the article examines how the problem of “synchronous fragmentation of knowledge” is solved in the language of science. The second issue concerns the age of “normal” knowledge and the question, how the anomalous content of knowledge can appear and accumulate, and what is the status of scientists developing the “anomalous” knowledge. We reveal some possible parameters by which we can determine the early stage of the functioning of normal science, the periods of its heyday and decline. In this article, we try to find an approach to these problems by examining the natural language of scientists, using techniques of content analysis, as well as complex linguistic analysis, including discursive, semantic and pragmatic components. Linguistic analysis can’t finally solve the problems of philosophical analysis of scientific knowledge, in particular, the state of the paradigm concept by Thomas Kuhn. But it helps us to identify the boundaries of paradigms, as well as the state of normal knowledge. The problem of fragmentation of knowledge by paradigms, as well as the problem of “aging” of knowledge inside a “normal science” are not directly expressed by scientists. But they can be recorded by analysis of everyday language, which often becomes entangled with the language of science. The high rate of words that semantically indicate the “obvious” knowledge in scientific texts points to a “good” state of the paradigm. And vice versa, the words denoting “improbable” indirectly indicate its crisis state or express an attitude to the knowledge belonging to a different paradigm. The analysis of the data shows that the alleged complete replacement of Kuhn's concept of a paradigm by the concept of “trading zones” by Peter Galison does not appear to be accomplished. Just as the concept of scientific paradigm did not completely replace the falsificationalism, the Galison’s “trading zones” do not fully reflect the real state of affairs in science. Therefore, the Kuhnian paradigms are recorded at the lexical level in the communication of scientists.

scholarly journals The Postcolonial Crescent

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Deonna Kelli
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Islamic Identity ◽  
The Many ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Identity politics has become the catch phrase of the postmodern age. Withconcepts such as "exile," "migrancy," and "hybridity" acquiring unprecedentedcultural significance in the late twentieth century, the postcolonial age givesway to new identities, fractured modes of living, and new conditions of humanity.Literature is a powerful tool to explore such issues in an era where a greatdeal of the world is displaced, and the idea of a homeland becomes a disrupted,remote possibility. The Postcolonial Crescent: Islam's Impact onContemporary Literature, is an attempt to discuss how Muslims negotiateidentity at a time of rapid and spiritually challenging transculturation. The bookuses fiction written by Muslims to critique the effects of colonialism, counteractmodernity, and question the status of Islamic identity in the contemporaryworld. It also can be considered as the primary introduction of contemporaryIslamic literature into the postcolonial genre. Muslim writers have yet to submit a unique and powerful commentary on postcolonial and cultural studies;this work at least softens that absence.The Postcolonial Crescent was conceived as a response to The SatanicVerses controversy. Therefore, it is “intimately involved in the interchangebetween religion and the state, and demonstrates that the roles Islam is playingin postcolonial nation-building is especially contested in the absence of broadlyacceptable models” (p. 4). Conflicting issues of identity are approached byinterrogating the authority to define a “correct” Islamic identity, the role ofindividual rights, and the “variegation of Islamic expression within specificcultural settings, suggesting through the national self-definitions the many concernsthat the Islamic world shares with global postcoloniality” (p. 7) ...

scholarly journals STATUS PEMANFAATAN IKAN DI SELAT ALAS PROPINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Didik Santoso ◽  
Mulyono S Baskoro ◽  
Domu Simbolon ◽  
Yopi Novita ◽  
Mustaruddin Mustaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
The State ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Lutjanus Campechanus ◽  
Fishing Villages ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fish Catch ◽  
Euthynnus Affinis

<p>Upaya untuk pengelolaan perikanan tangkap yang berpijak pada konsep efisiensi untuk meraih keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif adalah dengan menentukan status pemanfaaatan ikan, khususnya ikan yang bernilai ekonomi penting sebagai tahap awal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan status pemanfaatan ikan khususnya ikan-ikan yang bernilai ekonomi penting di Selat Alas Propinsi NTB. Metode yang digunakan untuk menentukan tingkat pemanfaatan adalah dengan menggunakan potensi maksimum lestari dari Schaefer. Penelitian dilakukan di desadesa nelayan di sekitar Selat Alas Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). Status pemanfaatan cumi-cumi (Loligo edulis) adalah sebesar 140,4%, tongkol (Euthynnus affinis) sebesar 156,6%, dan kerapu sebesar (Ephinephelus sp) 197,2% tergolong status over exploited. Sedangkan ikan cakalang (Katsuwanus pelamis) 72,6%, dan kakap merah (Lutjanus campechanus) sebesar<br />65,7% berada dalam status moderately exploited. </p><p><br /><em>The effort of capture fisheries management which is based on the concept of efficiency is to achieve comparative and competitive advantages is by determine the status of utilization of fish, particularly fish its worth economy important as the early stage. The aim of this research is to determine utilization status fish catch, particularly fish its worth economy important in the Alas Strait of West Nusa Tenggara Province. The method has been used to determine the level of utilization of fish by using the maximum sustainable yield of Schaefer.The study was conducted in the fishing villages around the Alas Strait West Nusa Tenggara Province. Utilization status of squid (Loligo edulis) is 140,4%, small tuna (Euthynnus affinis) is 156,6%, and grouper (Ephinephelus sp) is 197,2 in the state of over exploited. While the utilization of status of skipjack tuna (Katsuwanus pelamis) is 72,6% and red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) is 65,7% in the state of moderately exploited.</em></p>

scholarly journals " State of Knowledge of CSR Practice in Mining Companies in Africa "

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 192-208
Author(s):  
Ganabo Lacina Karambiri
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
The State ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Responsible Action ◽  
The Many ◽  
Corporate Social

This work is inspired by a number of observations or knowledge. Africa is rich in natural resources exploited by mining companies whose impact is damaging. The question of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the region therefore arises acutely. The reflection on CSR practice in mining companies in Africa allows to have a better visibility of the activity and the state of the existing texts, laws, standards, directives and principles which frame it. African countries implementing the EITI principles must publish annual reports on the status of revenue and payments of taxes, licenses and fees to local governments and the State. The application of international, regional and national instruments makes it possible to better organize the activity, and to formalize the responsibility of the miners in order to instill the development desired by the populations. Of the many possible determinants of responsible action, the authors describe the role that the network can play in managerial learning. 

Waitresses in an Emerging City of North East India: Status, Challenges and Perceptions

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (9) ◽  
pp. 230-244
Author(s):  
Daisy Rani Hazarika ◽  
Biman Lahkar
Keyword(s):  
Urban Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

Restaurant business has been an integral part of any urban economy. Like in any other sector, women form a major portion of the workforce in this business also. Although women’s participation in restaurant business is not quite a recent phenomenon, yet the many facets of issues and challenges that women face in their workplaces still remains a problem that demands immediate solution. These issues and challenges however take various forms and may vary depending upon the variability of the place, culture or nature. Using various qualitative techniques, this paper attempts to explore the status and challenges women table servers experience in restaurants that are located in an emerging city. Dibrugarh, in the state of Assam, is an emerging city located in the North East of India. Added to the intricacies of an emerging city, Dibrugarh also has its own uniqueness of nature, culture and society, which adds to the complexities of a city in formation. In such a scenario, it also becomes pertinent to examine the perception of the people of the city on women table servers who are on a mission to be independent and self reliant. This paper finds that women, braving many issues and challenges, are slowly but steadily curving a niche for themselves in restaurant business in this part of the country.   

scholarly journals Paavo Kontkanen and his Role in Normalization of Relations between the Russian and Finnish Orthodox Churches

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1107-1123
Author(s):  
Siluan Nikitin, episcopus ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Church History ◽  
The State ◽  
Active Member ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Status ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Church

The interrelations of the Russian and Finnish Orthodox Churches in the 20th century are dramatic and poorly studied by Russian historians. This article, on the basis of materials from the State Archives of the Russian Federation and studies into church history translated from Finnish, attempts to evaluate the role of Dr. Paavo Kontkanen, an active member of the Finnish Archdiocese, in the relations between these two Churches. He exemplified a change in the attitude of the National Orthodox Church of Finland towards the Russian Church, historically kyriarchal, in the second half of the previous century. Dr. Paavo Kontkanen, being for a long time a member of the collegiate administrative body of the Finnish Archdiocese, the Church Administrative Council, with permission from Archbishop Herman (Aav) started negotiations with the leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church on a private level. Having archieved understanding with the chairman of the Department of External Church Relations, Metropolitan Nicholas (Yarushevich), Kontkanen considered the possibility of reunification of the Finnish Church and the Russian Church only for a short period, before receiving the status of Autocephalous Local Church from Moscow. Kontkanen’s actions enable to regard him as a conductor of Finland’s ecclesiastical interests aimed at rapprochement with the Soviet Union. It can be proved by Kontkanen’s close contacts with the President of Finland, Urho Kaleva Kekkonen, and his ability to defend interests of the “pro-Russian” part of the clergy and the Finnish Orthodox Church in the face of the state and the Church Council.

Continuing the Bleeding of These Pueblos Will Shortly Make Them Cadavers: The Potosi Mita, Cultural Identity, and Communal Survival in Colonial Peru

2000 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward Stavig
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
The State ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Colonial Peru ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
State Obligations ◽  
Colonial Economy ◽  
Andean Highlands

The exploitation of Andean villagers under the forced labor regime for the mines of Potosi is almost as infamous as the silver they extracted from the cerro rico is famous. Established by Viceroy Toledo in the 1570s, the mita, as the system of forced labor was known, remained in place until the smoke and shot of Latin American independence struggles were in the air. For over two centuries, Spain forced thousands upon thousands of naturales (a common colonial term for indigenous people) from communities throughout the southern Andean highlands to lend their muscle and sweat, and all too often their blood and their lives, to keep Potosi's veins open and flowing. Through this work the mitayos and their communities not only drove the colonial economy, but also were a major force in sustaining the Spanish empire and in helping forge the modern world's dominant economic system. Conversely, mita exploitation threatened the very survival of the communities subject to it. The mita was so onerous that virtually all indigenous peoples subject to the labor draft, regardless of ethnicity or class, raised an almost continuous voice of protest from their communities against the mita and its abuses. Tensions created by the mita also severely strained the bonds that linked community, curaca, and the state, which were primary ingredients in the social glue that kept colonial Andean society from coming apart. To avoid descending into the mines, and to escape such horrors as laboring over mercury vapors, many people permanently fled their communities, giving up the status of originarios (community members with rights such as access to land and subject to state obligations) to become forasteros (indigenous person not living in community of origin, or descendant of the same, without communal rights but exempt from many state obligations). In this way the mita, one of the few forces that had potential for uniting Andean peoples in opposition to the state also fractured them. Communal solidarity was severely strained and neither the shared experience of the mita nor the commonality of experience in Potosi created sufficient cohesion to overcome the ethnic and regional differences that divided them.

scholarly journals Transboundary nomadism in the USSR in the 1920s

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-604
Author(s):  
Fedor L. Sinitsyn
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Status ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
History Of Migration

Abstarct: In the context of the history of migration processes among nomadic peoples, the present article studies transboundary nomadism between the USSR and neighboring countries in the 1920s as well as the Soviet policy on these processes. The author discusses the border areas of the east and south of the USSR and such neighboring states as China, Mongolia, Tuva, Afghanistan, and Persia. The article is written on a broad source base, which includes both published and unpublished documents identifi ed by the author in the Russian State Military Archives (RGVA), the Russian State Archives of Socio-Political History (RGASPI) and the Aginsky Branch of the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Territory (AFGAZK). The article demonstrates the important strategic role of border nomadic regions, in particular, of Buryatia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. After the 1917 revolutionary events in Russia, migrations from these territories were motivated not only by economic but also by political reasons, with the nomads escaping from state control and subsequently participating in anti-Soviet uprisings and in the Basmachi movement. The author argues that the Soviet leadership was eager to uphold the status quo on its borderlands. By the 1930s the USSR established full control over migration processes, minimizing or completely eliminating the transboundary nomadism. This was framed as a question of securing the state´s borders against a capitalist environment, but also of preventing the penetration of hostile ideology from abroad.

OPERATIONAL STATE OF BRIDGES OF UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-68
Author(s):  
Larysa Bodnar ◽  
Petro Koval ◽  
Sergii Stepanov ◽  
Liudmyla Panibratets
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
The State ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Bridge Management ◽  
Bridge Management System ◽  
Program Complex ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Automatic Mode ◽  
The Status

A significant part of Ukrainian bridges on public roads is operated for more than 30 years (94 %). At the same time, the traffic volume and the weight of vehicles has increased significantly. Insufficient level of bridges maintenance funding leads to the deterioration of their technical state. The ways to ensure reliable and safe operation of bridges are considered. The procedure for determining the predicted operational status of the elements and the bridge in general, which has a scientific novelty, is proposed. In the software complex, Analytical Expert Bridges Management System (AESUM), is a function that allows tracking the changes in the operational status of bridges both in Ukraine and in each region separately. The given algorithm of the procedure for determining the predicted state of the bridge using a degradation model is described using the Nassie-Schneidermann diagram. The model of the degradation of the bridge performance which is adopted in Ukraine as a normative one, and the algorithm for its adaptation to the AESUM program complex with the function to ensure the probabilistic predicted operating condition of the bridges in the automatic mode is presented. This makes it possible, even in case of unsatisfactory performance of surveys, to have the predicted lifetime of bridges at the required time. For each bridge element it is possible to determine the residual time of operation that will allow predict the state of the elements of the structure for a certain period of time in the future. Significant interest for specialists calls for the approaches to the development of orientated perspective plans for bridge inspection and monitoring of changes in the operational status of bridges for 2009-2018 in Ukraine. For the analysis of the state of the bridge economy, the information is available on the distribution of bridges by operating state related to the administrative significance of roads, by road categories and by materials of the structures. Determining the operating state of the bridge is an important condition for making the qualified decisions as regards its maintenance. The Analytical Expert Bridges Management System (AESUM) which is implemented in Ukraine, stores the data on the monitoring the status of bridges and performs the necessary procedures to maintain them in a reliable and safe operating condition. An important result of the work is the ability to determine the distribution of bridges on the public roads of Ukraine, according to operating conditions established in the program complex of AESUM, which is presented in accordance with the data of the current year. In conditions of limited funding and in case of unsatisfactory performance of surveys, it is possible to make the reasonable management decisions regarding the repair and the reconstruction of bridges. Keywords: bridge management system, operating condition, predicted operating condition, model of degradation, bridge survey plan, highway bridge.

Varied Responses to Human-Induced Seismicity in the City of Azle, Texas

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sarmistha R. Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Induced Seismicity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
The Status

Fracking has helped to usher in an era of energy abundance in the United States. This advanced drilling procedure has helped the nation to attain the status of the largest producer of crude oil and natural gas in the world, but some of its negative externalities, such as human-induced seismicity, can no longer be ignored. The occurrence of earthquakes in communities located at proximity to disposal wells with no prior history of seismicity has shocked residents and have caused damages to properties. It has evoked individuals’ resentment against the practice of injection of fracking’s wastewater under pressure into underground disposal wells. Though the oil and gas companies have denied the existence of a link between such a practice and earthquakes and the local and state governments have delayed their responses to the unforeseen seismic events, the issue has gained in prominence among researchers, affected community residents, and the media. This case study has offered a glimpse into the varied responses of stakeholders to human-induced seismicity in a small city in the state of Texas. It is evident from this case study that although individuals’ complaints and protests from a small community may not be successful in bringing about statewide changes in regulatory policies on disposal of fracking’s wastewater, they can add to the public pressure on the state government to do something to address the problem in a state that supports fracking.

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