scholarly journals Asphalt Layer Density and Air Voids Content: GPR and Laboratory Testing Data Reliance

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-110
Author(s):  
Andrius Baltrušaitis ◽  
Audrius Vaitkus ◽  
Juris Smirnovs
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Relative Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
The Road ◽  
Layer Density ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Air Void ◽  
Air Void Content

The assurance of asphalt pavement layer compaction, expressed by ratio between field and laboratory bulk density and air voids content, is one of the main criteria of the durability of asphalt road pavement. Destructive measures should be applied and cores should be taken from the asphalt pavement seeking to determine the representative compaction level of the constructed asphalt layers. New methods are constantly being sought for fast, non-destructive and accurate asphalt layer density and air void determination on road. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can allow determining the qualitative characteristics of asphalt pavement across the entire length of the road without causing damage to the road structure. Relative dielectric permittivity, usually called dielectric value or constant, is the leading property used in GPR applications on road pavement surveys. This article presents GPR measurement results from asphalt base and binder layers of four test sections. GPR measurements were conducted immediately after the end of asphalt layer compaction process. Test points on each layer were selected and density, air void content were determined by drilling cores and testing them in the laboratory. To estimate asphalt layer density and air void content, GPR data were analysed using different existing mathematical models. To justify the reliability of the data measured by GPR, results were checked by comparing them with the results measured directly on cores taken from the asphalt pavement layers.

scholarly journals A GPR-Based Pavement Density Profiler: Operating Principles and Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2613
Author(s):  
Nectaria Diamanti ◽  
A. Peter Annan ◽  
Steven R. Jackson ◽  
Dylan Klazinga
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Wave Impedance ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Pavement Engineering ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Air Void ◽  
Air Void Content

Density is one of the most important parameters in the construction of asphalt mixtures and pavement engineering. When a mixture is properly designed and compacted, it will contain enough air voids to prevent plastic deformation but will have low enough air void content to prevent water ingress and moisture damage. By mapping asphalt pavement density, areas with air void content outside of the acceptable range can be identified to predict its future life and performance. We describe a new instrument, the pavement density profiler (PDP) that has evolved from many years of making measurements of asphalt pavement properties. This instrument measures the electromagnetic (EM) wave impedance to infer the asphalt pavement density (or air void content) locally and over profiles.

Use of Mechanistic Models to Investigate Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures

2015 ◽  
Vol 2507 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Sub Lee ◽  
Nelson Gibson ◽  
Y. Richard Kim
Keyword(s):  
Damage Model ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Continuum Damage ◽  
Direct Tension ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
Viscoelastic Continuum Damage ◽  
Air Void ◽  
Air Void Content

Effects of design air void contents, design voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and in-place air voids on the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures were investigated with mechanistic analyses based on the viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) analyses and the mechanistic–empirical pavement analysis using the AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design program. The VECD analyses included the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage model at the material level and two structural models: ( a) layered viscoelastic analysis and ( b) layered viscoelastic pavement analysis for critical distresses. The mix design of a 2013 accelerated loading facility test lane was selected to develop the volumetric mix designs with the design air voids of 3%, 4%, and 5%, design VMAs of 13%, 14%, and 15%, and in-place air void contents of 5%, 7%, and 9% with the Bailey method. Dynamic modulus and direct tension cyclic fatigue tests were performed in accordance with the AASHTO TP 107 procedure. The test results showed that the linear viscoelastic property was affected by the design VMA, design air void content, and in-place air void content in order of sensitivity. Also, the damage states at failure determined from the damage characteristic curves and the mechanistic fatigue predictions had consistent trends as observed for the design VMA, in-place air void, and design air void content in rank of sensitivity. Finally, the design VMA, in-place air void, and design air void parameters were found to be sensitive in the mechanistic analyses, whereas the parameter that was most sensitive in the pavement mechanistic–empirical analysis was the in-place air void content.

scholarly journals Porous asphalt pavement for traffic noise reduction and pavement dewatering – the pollution problem

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00114
Author(s):  
Lesław Bichajło ◽  
Krzysztof Kołodziej
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Porous Asphalt ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Pavement Construction ◽  
Air Void ◽  
The City

The paper characterizes the porous asphalt mixture used in pavement construction. This kind of pavement can reduce traffic noise and reduce the slipperiness of the road pavement. The effectiveness of the porous asphalt depends on many design and technological aspects, but especially on the air-void clearance in the pavement layer. The paper includes the results of water permeability research based on laboratory tests of specimens from actual road pavement. The research shows the differences between the contamination of the road pavement sections located inside and outside the city. The paper includes recommendations for using porous asphalt based on experiences under Polish conditions.

scholarly journals Influences by Air Voids on the Low-Temperature Cracking Property of Dense-Graded Asphalt Concrete Based on Micromechanical Modeling

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Ma ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Xiaoming Huang ◽  
Yongli Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Micromechanical Modeling ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Cracking Behavior ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
Low Temperature Cracking ◽  
Air Void ◽  
Air Void Content

This study characterized the impacts of air voids on the low-temperature cracking behavior of dense-graded asphalt concrete. Virtual low-temperature bending beam test for dense-graded asphalt concrete was built and executed by discrete element method and PFC3D (particle flow code in three dimensions). Virtual tests were applied to analyze the impacts by content, distribution, and size of air voids on the low-temperature properties of dense-graded asphalt concrete. The results revealed that higher air void content results in worse low-temperature property of dense-graded asphalt concrete, especially when the air void content exceeds the designed air content; even with the same designed air void content, different distributing condition of air voids within asphalt concrete leads to different low-temperature properties of asphalt concrete, especially when the air void content in the central-lower part of testing sample varies. Bigger size of single air void which tends to form interconnected air voids within asphalt concrete has more harmful impacts on the low-temperature properties of asphalt concrete. Thus, to achieve satisfied low-temperature properties of dense-graded asphalt concrete, it is critical to ensure the designed air void content, improve the distribution of air voids, and reduce the interconnected air voids for dense-graded asphalt concrete.

Effects of Water Saturation Level on Resistance of Compacted Hot-Mix Asphalt Samples to Moisture-Induced Damage

2000 ◽  
Vol 1723 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bouzid Choubane ◽  
Gale C. Page ◽  
James A. Musselman
Keyword(s):  
Water Saturation ◽  
Potential Interaction ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Moisture Susceptibility ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
Florida Department ◽  
Stripping Potential ◽  
Air Void ◽  
Air Void Content

The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) initiated monitoring of its first Superpave section on I-75 in Columbia County for stripping potential using AASHTO T 283, which specifies that all conditioned test samples be saturated to between 55 and 80 percent based on 7 ± 1 percent air voids. A fairly large saturation range is allowed because it was thought that mixtures may have different percentages of permeable air voids. However, the potential interaction between air void content and the level of saturation has not been fully investigated. It is also not clear whether test results from samples saturated to 55 percent are comparable with those of the same mixture saturated to 80 percent for a similar air void content. Therefore, although FDOT adopted AASHTO T 283, it also initiated a parallel study on the effects of different degrees of saturation on moisture damage. Findings are reported of both the ongoing monitoring of the I-75 project for potential stripping and the investigation of the effects of different levels of saturation on moisture susceptibility test results as determined using AASHTO T 283.

scholarly journals Influences of Air-Voids on the Performance of 3D Printing Cementitious Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4438
Author(s):  
Yujun Che ◽  
Shengwen Tang ◽  
Huashan Yang ◽  
Weiwei Li ◽  
Mengyuan Shi
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
Void Structure ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Air Void ◽  
Air Void Content

This paper focuses on inspecting the influences of anti-foaming agent (AFA) on the performance of 3D printing cementitious materials (3DPC). The mini-slump, spreading diameter, yield stress, and strength of 3DPC were evaluated. Additionally, the air-void content, air-void morphology, and air-void size distribution of mortar with and without 0.05% AFA were assessed through image analysis. The mechanical performance and air-void structure of 3D printed samples were also investigated and compared to that of conventionally mould cast samples. Test results show that an optimal AFA content enables 3DPC to achieve favorable workability and mechanical performance. The addition of AFA exhibits lower air-void content in 3DPC than that of the sample without the AFA addition. This reduction in air-void content is further strengthened by the results of strength analysis. Electron microscope analysis shows that the use of AFA results in the suppressed formation of large air-voids during the process of fresh 3DPC. Moreover, the air-void morphology substantially influenced the mechanical performance of hardened 3DPC.

scholarly journals Moisture Susceptibility of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) with an Organic Wax Additive Based on X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) Technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Ji ◽  
Hui Yao ◽  
Zhikai Yuan ◽  
Zhi Suo ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Moisture Susceptibility ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Indirect Tensile ◽  
Air Void ◽  
Air Void Content

The warm mix asphalt was fabricated with different moisture contents (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) of limestone aggregates using the Superpave gyratory compactor. The moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures with an organic wax additive RH was studied. The samples were compacted and tested using the modified Lottman test AASHTO T283, and the X-ray computed tomography technology was used to capture the internal structure images before and after the freeze-thaw cycles. The test results show that the air voids were distributed in the size range of 0–5 mm3 and 5–10 mm3. The number of air voids decreased with the increase of air void size and increased after freeze-thaw cycles. The air void content can be influenced by the residual moisture in aggregates. The higher the moisture content of aggregates is, the larger the air void content is. So, the air void content is likely to be sensitive to moisture damage. The increase ratio of the air void and moisture content of aggregates had good correlation with the indirect tensile strength and tensile strength ratio of the samples. The indirect tensile strength and tensile strength ratio of the samples decreased linearly, and the samples were sensitive to the moisture damage with the increases of increase ratio of the air void/moisture content in aggregates.

scholarly journals GEORADARO TAIKYMAS ASFALTO DANGŲ ĮRENGIMO KOKYBEI ĮVERTINTI / EVALUATION OF THE USE OF GPR IN QUALITY CONTROL OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT LAYERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Andrius Baltrušaitis ◽  
Audrius Vaitkus
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
The Road ◽  
Pavement Layers ◽  
Ground Penetrating

The optimum density and air-voids content of asphalt pavement layers are among the main indicators of the durability of asphalt road pavement. The asphalt pavement with insufficient density is less resistant to traffic loading and the damaging effects caused by water. Air-voids ensure the durability of asphalt pavement and the accumulation of free bitumen during a period of hot weather. At present, the main ways to control the quality of compaction and the content of air-voids is to drill core specimens and test them in the laboratory. This method is expensive, it damages the road surface, and the quality of asphalt pavement is verified only at several points. With the rapid development of new technologies, it is necessary to evaluate and to apply innovative non-destructive methods, allowing us to determine the qualitative characteristics of asphalt pavement across the entire length of the road without causing the damage to the road surface and at lower costs. This article describes the use of Ground Penetrating Radar to determine asphalt pavement density and air-voids content provides an overview of global practices and feasibility analysis on the application of Ground Penetrating Radar on the roads of Lithuanian. Santrauka Asfalto dangos sluoksnių optimalus tankis ir oro tuštymių kiekis yra vieni iš pagrindinių dangos ilgaamžiškumo rodiklių. Nepakankamo tankio danga yra mažiau atspari automobilių eismo apkrovoms ir žalingam vandens poveikiui. Oro tuštymės užtikrina dangos ilgaamžiškumą ir laisvojo bitumo akumuliavimą karštuoju metų laikotarpiu. Šiuo metu pagrindinis būdas kontroliuoti sutankinimą ir oro tuštymių kiekį yra gręžti kernus ir juos bandyti laboratorijoje. Šis metodas yra brangus, gadinama kelio danga ir asfalto dangos kokybė patikrinama tik keliuose taškuose. Sparčiai vystantis technologijoms būtina įvertinti ir taikyti inovatyvius neardančiuosius metodus, leidžiančius kokybinius asfalto dangos rodiklius nustatyti neardant dangos, išilgai viso kelio ir mažesnėmis sąnaudomis. Šiame straipsnyje pateikta georadaro (angl. Ground Penetrating Radar) taikymo asfalto dangai sutankinti ir oro tuštymių kiekiui nustatyti pasaulinės praktikos apžvalga ir panaudojimo Lietuvos automobilių keliuose galimybių analizė.

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