scholarly journals The influence of mortality and socioeconomic status on risk and delayed rewards: a replication with British participants

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian V. Pepper ◽  
D Helen Corby ◽  
Rachel Bamber ◽  
Holly Smith ◽  
Nicky Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
University Students ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
Priming Condition ◽  
Risk Acceptance ◽  
Study Participants

Here, we report three attempts to replicate a finding from an influential psychological study (Griskevicius et al., 2011b). The original study found interactions between childhood SES and experimental mortality-priming condition in predicting risk acceptance and delay discounting outcomes. The original study used US student samples. We used British university students (replication 1) and British online samples (replications 2 and 3) with a modified version of the original priming material, which was tailored to make it more credible to a British audience. We did not replicate the interaction between childhood SES and mortality-priming condition in any of our three experiments. The only consistent trend of note was an interaction between sex and priming condition for delay discounting. We note that psychological priming effects are considered fragile and often fail to replicate. Our failure to replicate the original finding could be due to demographic differences in study participants, alterations made to the prime, or other study limitations. However, it is also possible that the previously reported interaction is not a robust or generalizable finding.

The Time Course of the Aversive Conflict Signal

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Fritz ◽  
Gesine Dreisbach
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Short Soas ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Presentation Time ◽  
Psychological Evidence ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Direct Investigation

The idea that conflicts are aversive signals recently has gained strong support by both physiological as well as psychological evidence. However, the time course of the aversive signal has not been subject to direct investigation. In the present study, participants had to judge the valence of neutral German words after being primed with conflict or non-conflict Stroop stimuli in three experiments with varying SOA (200 ms, 400 ms, 800 ms) and varying prime presentation time. Conflict priming effects (i.e., increased frequencies of negative judgments after conflict as compared to non-conflict primes) were found for SOAs of 200 ms and 400 ms, but absent (or even reversed) with a SOA of 800 ms. These results imply that the aversiveness of conflicts is evaluated automatically with short SOAs, but is actively counteracted with prolonged prime presentation.

scholarly journals Perceptions and Opinions towards Cell Phone Use as a Risk Factor of Brain Cancer among University Students in Malaysia

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Redhwan Ahmed Al-Naggar ◽  
Yuri V Bobryshev
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Brain Cancer ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Cell Phones ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Cell Phone Use ◽  
The Past ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Study Participants

The worldwide use of cell phones has rapidly increased over the past decades. With the increasing use of mobile phones, concern has been raised about the possible carcinogenic effects as a result of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. The objective of this study was to explore the perceptions and opinions towards brain cancer related to cell phone use among university students in Malaysia. The study revealed that the majority of the study participants believe that there is no relationship between brain cancer and hand phone use.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i1.7808 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 4(2013) 1-4

scholarly journals Prevalence of Tea Consumption among University Students of South-Eastern Region of Bangladesh and Associated Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1357-1361
Author(s):  
Jakia Sultana Jothi ◽  
Nahidur Rahman ◽  
Anindya Chakraborty ◽  
Shireen Akther
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Tea Consumption ◽  
Stimulant Effect ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
The University ◽  
Study Participants

Tea has become an integral part of our culture and everyday life due to taste, together with a refreshing and mildly stimulant effect. The study was carried out to investigate the behaviour pattern and prevalence observed due to regular consumption of tea as a source of caffeine among the university students using a self-reported validated questionnaire. Socio-demographic and data related to tea consumption pattern were collected and analysed statistically. Among 245 study participants, the majority chose a greater proportion of tea (83.7%) followed by coffee (14.7%). The main reasons for tea consumption by university students included keeping alert during the examination period (38.8%), followed by the removal of anxiety and stress. Students (around 61%) mostly consume 2-3 cup of tea per day. According to the study, 12.7% of students had never consumed tea. More than two-thirds (66.9%) of the students reported having a sound sleep, normal BMI and blood pressure, a majority of them were engaged with regular physical exercise. The study also illustrated that most of the students (52.7%) give priority to the quality of the product rather than price, brand and taste while buying packaged tea leaves. Thus, this study provides basics about the prevalence and presents a recommendation for expanding tea consumption market among the university students.

scholarly journals Social Determinants of Delayed Gratification Among American Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Latino Children ◽  
Delayed Gratification ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
American Children

Background: A wide array of Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators show differential effects for the members of diverse social groups. Researchers know a little about the ethnic variation and the effects of family income on delay discounting which is the predictor of risk behaviors. Objectives: This study examined the effect of family income and its differences on delayed gratification between Latino and non-Latino children. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, data came from wave one of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study which included 3903 non-Latino or Latino Black or White American children who are between 9 and 10 years old. The predictor was family income. Data were collected from 21 sites in the US, in 2018. The outcome was the children’s delay discounting. We measured delay discounting, which reflected individuals’ tendency to assign less value to remote outcomes and rewards (inversely correlated with delayed gratification). Data analysis was done by linear regression in SPSS V. 22. Results: According to our pooled sample regression, higher family income was associated with lower children delay discounting (Beta=-0.05, P=0.021). We found a significant interaction between family income and ethnicity, suggesting that the association between family income and delay discounting is stronger for Latino compared with non-Latino children (Beta=-0.09, P=0.043). Conclusion: Not all ethnic disparities are due to socioeconomic status gaps. Across diverse social groups, differential returns of socioeconomic status indicators, such as family income, also contribute to ethnic disparities in health.

scholarly journals Can children's spelling of schwa vowels in stems be improved?

2010 ◽  
pp. 113-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Rosa ◽  
Terezinha Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Early Signs ◽  
Priming Condition ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Morphological Representation

Children in the early grades of primary school do not seem to have much awareness of morphemes. In this study, a priming paradigm was used to try to detect early signs of morphological representation of stems through a spelling task presented to Portuguese children (N= 396; age range 6 to 9 years). Primes shared the stem with the targets and contained well-articulated, stressed vowels; the stems of the target words contained non-stressed schwa vowels, which typically result in spelling difficulties. If priming proved effective, the well-articulated vowels in the prime should lead to improvement in the spelling of the schwa vowels in the targets. Primes were presented in two conditions: in only-oral or in oral-plus-written form. Effectiveness of priming was assessed by comparison with a no-priming condition. There was a significant interaction between priming effects and grade. No priming effects were detected in 6- and 7-year-old children; oral-plus-written priming produced higher rates of correct vowel spelling for 8- and 9-year-olds; only-oral priming was effective in improving the vowel spelling of 9-year-olds. Thus the older children used morphological information under priming conditions but there is no evidence to suggest that younger children did so.

scholarly journals Valuing time over money predicts happiness after a major life transition: A preregistered longitudinal study of graduating students

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. eaax2615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Whillans ◽  
Lucía Macchia ◽  
Elizabeth Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
University Students ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Life Transition ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Consumer Choices ◽  
Life Decisions ◽  
Graduating Students

How does prioritizing time or money shape major life decisions and subsequent well-being? In a preregistered longitudinal study of approximately 1000 graduating university students, respondents who valued time over money chose more intrinsically rewarding activities and were happier 1 year after graduation. These results remained significant controlling for baseline happiness and potential confounds, such as materialism and socioeconomic status, and when using alternative model specifications. These findings extend previous research by showing that the tendency to value time over money is predictive not only of daily consumer choices but also of major life decisions. In addition, this research uncovers a previously unidentified mechanism—the pursuit of intrinsically motivated activities—that underlies the previously observed association between valuing time and happiness. This work sheds new light on whether, when, and how valuing time shapes happiness.

scholarly journals An Institution-Based Assessment of Students’ Hand Washing Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Grace M. Mbouthieu Teumta ◽  
Loveline L. Niba ◽  
Nkwatoh Therese Ncheuveu ◽  
Mary-Teresia Ghumbemsitia ◽  
Paul O.B. Itor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Knowledge Practices ◽  
Study Participants

Background. Hand hygiene is cost-effective and has been recognized as an effective measure in the control of communicable diseases. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the hand washing knowledge, practices, and skills of students in both private and public institutions of higher learning. Methods. This was an institution-based cross-sectional study that included a mix of 577 university students from different disciplines (49.6% males and 50.4% females) with a mean age of 21.8 ± 3.5 years. Departments were selected at random, and the quota sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Hand washing knowledge, practices, and skills scores were assessed using a structured questionnaire. The differences in scores were further quantified across different factors using multiple quantile regression analysis. Results. The prevalence of hand washing with soap was 10.7%. Also, the majority of the study participants (75.2%) had a poor hand washing practices score. Age ≥29 years was associated with a 6.3% lower median hand washing knowledge score (p=0.039). Also, being in the public institution was significantly associated with 6.3%, 36.0%, and 10.0% lower median hand washing knowledge (p=0.021), practices (p<0.001), and skills (p=0.025) scores, respectively. In addition, being a medical student (p=0.029) and washing hands ≥ six times a day (p=0.008) were significantly associated with an increase in the median hand washing knowledge score of 6.3% and 18.7%, respectively. Conclusions. Educational interventions need to be carried out to create awareness of the importance of hand washing and also to enhance the hand washing knowledge, practices, and skills of university students.

Interpersonal relatedness and temporal discounting

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1695-1714
Author(s):  
Yiqun Gan ◽  
Lei Zheng ◽  
Xiaolu He ◽  
Fanny M. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interpersonal Relatedness ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Priming Condition ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Interpersonal Situations

The present two studies tested the hypothesis that interpersonal relatedness (IR) affects temporal discounting differently in different interpersonal situations. Using two samples of Chinese university students, interpersonal exclusion was primed among one group of participants, whereas a control group received neutral priming. After priming, participants performed a delay discounting task (Study 1; N = 111) or a prioritizing task (Study 2; N = 108). The results revealed a main effect of IR such that individuals high in IR exhibited lower temporal discounting (Study 1) and made fewer smaller but sooner (SS) choices (Study 2). Additionally, IR interacted with priming condition to predict discounting rates and the number of SS choices made. Specifically, across both studies, the high IR, neutral priming condition was associated with the greatest future focus (i.e., delayed or larger but later choices). In both the delay discounting task and the prioritizing task, the stress priming condition eliminated the advantage of being high in IR. The results of these studies provide preliminary evidence that IR can influence temporal discounting in a direct and dynamic way.

The association of shyness with individuals' online and offline altruistic behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Chao Zhou ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Yulong Bian
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Priming Condition ◽  
Chinese University Students ◽  
Behavior Inhibition ◽  
The Relationship

We explored the association between online and subsequent offline altruistic behavior in shy and not-shy individuals, using a 2 (priming condition: online altruism vs. control) × 2 (shyness level: shy vs. not shy) between-subjects design with 108 Chinese university students. We designed 6 online situations to prime altruism and a volunteer situation to assess subsequent offline altruism. Results were as follows: (a) engaging in online altruistic behavior was significantly associated with subsequently undertaking altruistic behavior offline; (b) shyness was not significantly associated with online altruism, but was significantly associated with subsequent altruistic behavior offline; and (c) shyness level moderated the association between online altruism and subsequent offline altruism. Engaging in online altruistic behavior had a stronger association with subsequent offline altruism among shy (vs. not-shy) participants. These findings clarify the relationship between online and offline altruistic behavior, and may help shy people overcome behavior inhibition in offline altruism contexts.

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