scholarly journals Tree age did not affect the leaf anatomical structure or ultrastructure of Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae)

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7938
Author(s):  
Qianyi Zhou ◽  
Zhaohong Jiang ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Qing Lai ◽  
Yiming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Platycladus Orientalis ◽  
Sensitive Organ ◽  
Structure And Ultrastructure

Tree aging is a new research area and has attracted research interest in recent years. Trees show extraordinary longevity; Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae) has a lifespan of thousands of years. Ancient trees are precious historical heritage and scientific research materials. However, tree aging and tree senescence have different definitions and are poorly understood. Since leaves are the most sensitive organ of a tree, we studied the structural response of leaves to tree age. Experiments investigating the leaf morphological structure, anatomical structure and ultrastructure were conducted in healthy P. orientalis at three different ages (ancient trees >2,000 years, 200 years < middle-aged trees <500 years, young trees <50 years) at the world’s largest planted pure forest in the Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor, Shaanxi Province, China. Interestingly, tree age did not significantly impact leaf cellular structure. Ancient P. orientalis trees in forests older than 2,000 years still have very strong vitality, and their leaves still maintained a perfect anatomical structure and ultrastructure. Our observations provide new evidence for the unique pattern of tree aging, especially healthy aging. Understanding the relationships between leaf structure and tree age will enhance the understanding of tree aging.

scholarly journals Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure in senescing ancient tree, Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae)

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianyi Zhou ◽  
Zhaohong Jiang ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Tian Zhang ◽  
Hailan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Platycladus Orientalis ◽  
Sensitive Organ ◽  
Anatomy And Ultrastructure

Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae) has a lifespan of thousands of years. Ancient trees have very high scientific, economic and cultural values. The senescence of ancient trees is a new research area but is poorly understood. Leaves are the primary and the most sensitive organ of a tree. To understand leaf structural response to tree senescence in ancient trees, experiments investigating the morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure were conducted with one-year leaves of ancient P. orientalis (ancient tree >2,000 years) at three different tree senescent levels (healthy, sub-healthy and senescent) at the world’s largest planted pure forest in the Mausoleum of Yellow Emperor, Shaanxi Province, China. Observations showed that leaf structure significantly changed with the senescence of trees. The chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuole and cell wall of mesophyll cells were the most significant markers of cellular ultrastructure during tree senescence. Leaf ultrastructure clearly reflected the senescence degree of ancient trees, confirming the visual evaluation from above-ground parts of trees. Understanding the relationships between leaf structure and tree senescence can support decision makers in planning the protection of ancient trees more promptly and effectively by adopting the timely rejuvenation techniques before the whole tree irreversibly recesses.

scholarly journals Foliar endophytes in trees varying greatly in age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongdong Yu ◽  
Hongru Ding ◽  
Kuocheng Shen ◽  
Fangfang Bu ◽  
George Newcombe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Platycladus Orientalis ◽  
Age Diversity ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Endophyte Community ◽  
Latent Pathogens

AbstractTemple trees, including the gymnosperm Platycladus orientalis and the angiosperm Styphnolobium japonicum, have been planted in China for thousands of years. Tree age thus varies widely from young to ancient trees. Foliar endophytes of P. orientalis and S. japonicum were surveyed in this exploratory study that was based on isolation into culture and sequencing of fungi from trees varying in age from 10 to 5000 years (P. orientalis) and from 10 to 1700 years (S. japonicum). Sequenced endophytes of P. orientalis and S. japonicum belonged to 24 and 16 fungal genera, respectively. Principal components analysis showed that 14 components were necessary to explain 90% of the variance in endophyte community structure in P. orientalis. In S. japonicum eight components were needed for 90%. It is against that backdrop of complex etiology in community structuring, that the relative frequencies (abundances) of 17 of the 24 endophytes from P. orientalis and 9 of the 16 from S. japonicum were significantly correlated with tree age. There were two major trends. Abundant fungal genera [Fusarium + Alternaria = 74.57% (P. orientalis) and 81.24% (S. japonicum)] tended to decline linearly with tree age. Most of the rare fungal genera, in contrast, increased in relative abundance linearly with tree age. Diversity (H′) and richness (Margalef) of endophyte communities in foliage thus increased as the trees aged. Relative abundances of pathogenic endophytes, or latent pathogens, (Pestalotiopsis funerea and Amyloporia subxantha in P. orientalis; Collectotrichum gloeosporioides and Botryosphaeria dothidea in S. japonicum) also increased linearly as the trees aged.Since leaf age does not vary with tree age in the deciduous S. japonicum, nor in the evergreen P. orientalis, ‘tree age’ currently lacks a mechanistic explanation for its apparent importance among common foliar endophytes.

scholarly journals Playability and Player Experience in Digital Games for Elderly: A Systematic Literature Review

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3958
Author(s):  
Antonio Rienzo ◽  
Claudio Cubillos
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Digital Games ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Psychomotor Skills ◽  
Player Experience ◽  
Exercise Promotion

A higher number of people increasingly uses digital games. This growing interest in games, with different objectives, justifies the investigation of some aspects and concepts involved, such as product quality (game), usability, playability, and user or player experience, topics investigated by the multidisciplinary area called Human–Computer Interaction (HCI). Although the majority of users of these games are children and young people, an increasing number of older adults join technology and use different types of digital games. Several studies establish the increase in learning, socialization and exercise promotion, and cognitive and psychomotor skills improvement, all within the context of active and healthy aging. The objective of this work is to carry out a systematic literature review investigating the player experience of the elderly in digital games. The work allowed answering five research questions that were formulated. The evolution and maturity level of the research area are studied together with the research methods used. The factors that motivate adults to play were also analyzed; what are the recommended technical characteristics for games and some tools and metrics with which games are evaluated for older adults? Research gaps were detected in the area; there are not many specific studies on playability and player experience applied to the older adult, nor are there proven tools and metrics to evaluate them. Particular techniques for assessing and designing games focused on older adults are lacking, and quantitative studies that better identify the factors that affect the playability and experience of older adults in digital games.

scholarly journals Research on new urbanization in Shaanxi Province under the Rural Revitalization Strategy：Take Hanzhong city as a case

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 02037
Author(s):  
Hao Dong ◽  
Qian Ru ◽  
Quan Fu ◽  
Zongwu Li ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Coordinated Development ◽  
The Core ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
The Index System ◽  
Degree Of Coupling ◽  
Coordinated Development Degree ◽  
New Urbanization

The implementation of the rural revitalization strategy can not only talk about the rural areas, but also combine with the new urbanization to drive the transfer of rural population to cities and towns. Taking Hanzhong city as the research area, taking industrial prosperity and ecological livability as the core, and based on the assessment of Rural Development Problems, the paper makes clear the theoretical logic and key tasks of rural revitalization in Hanzhong city. On the basis of evaluating the index system of Agricultural Ecology and urbanization in Hanzhong city, this paper studies the degree of coupling coordinated development by using the coupled coordinated development degree model. It can be used for reference in the construction of new urbanization in other similar areas of Shaanxi Province.

scholarly journals History of Bioelectrical Study and the Electrophysiology of the Primo Vascular System

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Hyun Park ◽  
Eung Hwi Kim ◽  
Ho Jong Chang ◽  
Seung Zhoo Yoon ◽  
Ji Woong Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Research Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Research Area

Background. Primo vascular system is a new anatomical structure whose research results have reported the possibility of a new circulatory system similar to the blood vascular system and cells. Electrophysiology, which measures and analyzes bioelectrical signals tissues and cells, is an important research area for investigating the function of tissues and cells. The bioelectrical study of the primo vascular system has been reported by using modern techniques since the early 1960s by Bonghan Kim. This paper reviews the research result of the electrophysiological study of the primo vascular system for the discussion of the circulatory function. We hope it would help to study the electrophysiology of the primo vascular system for researchers. This paper will use the following exchangeable expressions: Kyungrak system = Bonghan system = Bonghan circulatory system = primo vascular system = primo system; Bonghan corpuscle = primo node; Bonghan duct = primo vessel. We think that objective descriptions of reviewed papers are more important than unified expressions when citing the papers. That said, this paper will unify the expressions of the primo vascular system.

scholarly journals Morphologlcal and anatomical structure of generative organs of Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica (lljin) Soó at the SEM level

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Krystyna Idzikowska
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Salsola Kali ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Generative Organs

The morphology and anatomy of generative organs of <em>Salsola kali</em> ssp. <em>ruthenica</em> was examined in detail using the light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The whole flowers, fruits and their parts (pistil, stamens, sepals, embryo, seed) were observed in different developmental stages. In the first stage (June), flower buds were closed. In the second stage (August), flowers were ready for pollination/fertilization. In the third stage (September), fruits were mature. Additionally, the anatomical and morphological structure of sepals was observed by means of LM and SEM. Thanks to the transverse and longitudinal semi-sections through sepals, the first phase of wing formation was recorded by SEM. The appearance of stomata in the epidermal cells of sepals above the forming wings was very interesting, too. The stomata were observed also in mature fruits.

scholarly journals Xylogenesis of Scots Pine in an Uneven-Aged Stand of the Minusinsk Depression (Southern Siberia)

2020 ◽  
pp. 197-207
Author(s):  
Marina V. Fonti ◽  
Elena A. Babushkina ◽  
Dina F. Zhirnova ◽  
Eugene A. Vaganov
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
The Impact

Tree-ring formation studies are important for assessing the impact of environmental factors on tree growth at intra-seasonal resolution. This information is necessary for understanding plant acclimatization to current and expected climate changes. Little is still known about how tree age may affect the duration and rate of annual ring formation. In this study, we investigated tree-ring formation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees of different ages (30- and 95-year-old trees) from the foreststeppe zone in Southern Siberia. The main objectives were 1) to estimate the timing of cambial activity by distinguishing the phases of division, enlargement, wall thickening, and maturation of tracheids and 2) to compare the anatomical structure of the tracheids forming the annual rings of the differently aged trees. Stem tissue was sampled weekly from April to September 2014. The results showed a 1-2 week difference in duration of the phases of xylem formation between the groups; in addition, the ring width of the young trees was slightly narrower. The size of the tracheids of the entirely formed ring (i.e. the results of the enlargement phase) did not differ between the groups whereas the dynamics of the cell-wall thickness showed significant differences. The data obtained in the present study can provide references to calibrate process-based models linking environment to wood formation. These data can be used to benchmark time-explicit simulated measurements of annual ring increment and cell anatomical structure against the corresponding parameters of mature trees growing under natural conditions

scholarly journals Antiatherogenic and Cardioprotective Effects of Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Juice in Aging Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Daskalova ◽  
Slavi Delchev ◽  
Yulia Peeva ◽  
Lyudmila Vladimirova-Kitova ◽  
Maria Kratchanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Atherogenic Indices ◽  
High Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Chokeberry Juice

Age-related diseases are a social problem of global significance and their prevention by natural products is a research area of particular interest. The present study is an approach to counteract the risk factors for atherosclerosis arising in the aging process by supplementation of chokeberry juice. It employed a model of healthy adult rats monitored for a number of somatometric, serum lipidogram, and histopathological parameters, related to risk factors and their response to supplementation with antioxidant-rich chokeberry juice. The results were used to calculate different atherogenic and cardioprotective indices, and all results were compared to those of young healthy rats. Chokeberry juice proved an extremely rich source of polyphenols resulting in very high antioxidant activity. Treatment withAroniajuice significantly lowered the proatherogenic low-density lipoprotein fraction of the animals studied and led to a 16.5% decrease in their total cholesterol. Atherogenic indices inAronia-supplemented animals clearly showed lower atherogenic risk and cardioprotective indices indicated protection of the cardiovascular system. Besides that, chokeberry juice retarded the age-related changes in the aortic wall and can be recommended as a prophylactic tool for healthy aging.

Coupled Thermal and Structural Parametric Analysis of TSVs in 3D Electronics

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Mirza ◽  
Bharathkrishnan Muralidharan ◽  
Poornima Mynampati ◽  
Saket Karajgikar ◽  
Dereje Agonafer
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Junction Temperature ◽  
Chip Area ◽  
High Package Density

The convergence and miniaturization of the consumer electronic products such as cell phones and digital cameras has led to the vertical integration of packages i.e., 3-D packaging. Chip-stacking (3-D) is emerging as a powerful tool that satisfies such Integrated Circuit (IC) package requirements. 3-D technology looks to be the future of hand-held electronics; hence, making it an important research area. Stacked chips are peripherally interconnected through wires; this increases the package size and usually requires an extra “interposer” layer between the chips, causing substantial delays. Due to high package density and chip-stacking on top of each other, heat dissipation from the die becomes a concern. To overcome these thermal challenges and provide better inter-chip and chip-substrate electrical connection, Through Silicon Via (TSV) technology is being implemented in 3-D electronics. Electrical interconnection and heat dissipation improves with the number of TSVs. But, there is a trade-off; TSVs occupy the chip real estate, resulting in reduced silicon efficiency when compared to the baseline (no-TSV) scenario. Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch and reduced chip area causes thermal stresses and may lead to premature chip failures. This can be a major reliability issue. In this paper, a parametric study of the number of TSVs in a test vehicle (TV) consisting of 2 vertically stacked dies and TSVs (between the die and the substrate) has been performed using ANSYS WORKBENCH. A quarter symmetry model has been formulated to study the various cases as a function of number of TSVs. Each die has an area of 5.7mm2 with 0.1-mm thickness and 0.5W power rating. The TSV diameter is 50-μm each with a SiO2 insulation film of 25-μm thickness. Junction temperature and thermal resistance is determined to obtain the best case in terms of temperature distribution on the die. Furthermore, thermo-mechanical analysis is performed for all the TSV configurations and a guideline is proposed based on thermal and structural response.

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