scholarly journals The Characterization of Local Clay from Anambra State Nigeria for Its Potential Applications in the Production of Ceramic Whitewares

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
F. O. Nnaneme ◽  
T. U. Onuegbu ◽  
S. C. Agbo ◽  
E. S. Okwute
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Local Clay ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Ft Ir

Local clay deposits from Ukpor in Nnewi South Local Government Area of Anambra State were characterized for its potential applications in the production of ceramics whitewares. XRF analysis of the clay revealed that it has high silica and alumina contents with some flux oxides. XRD analysis also revealed that of all the minerals present in the clay, quartz has the highest constituent followed by kaolinite and rutile. FT-IR analysis revealed that the bands corresponds to 3500 cm-1 to 4000   cm-1 indicating the presence hydroxyl groups (OH) and Si-O symmetry vibration stretch at 1206.207 cm-1 which confirmed the kaolinite structure of the clay. The SEM study showed a finely distributed uniform surface with isolated patches of granulated texture which explained the physical behaviour of the clay. The EDS spectrum of the formulated fired Ukpor clay indicated the presence of O, Al, K, Ca, K, Fe, and Si. The study revealed that an increase in the firing temperature and feldspar contents of the clay increases its bulk density, while the apparent density decreases with increase in temperature. Apparent porosity showed that there was a decrease from 25% to 3%, and the water absorption increases with increase in the silica content and decreases with temperature and feldspar increase. The shrinkage increases with the increase in temperature. The results concluded that the clay sample could be utilized as an industrial raw materials for the production of ceramic whitewares.

Preparation and Properties of BC/PPy/TiO2 Composite Membrane

2014 ◽  
Vol 789 ◽  
pp. 183-187
Author(s):  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Shi Yan Chen ◽  
Lian Tang ◽  
Wei Li Zheng ◽  
Chuan Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Composite Membrane ◽  
Composite Membranes ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Reaction Model ◽  
In Situ Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Chemical Oxidation Polymerization ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Ft Ir

Bacterial cellulose (BC) /Polypyrrole (PPy) /TiO2 composite membrane was successfully prepared by in situ chemical oxidation polymerization of pyrrole in TiO2 sol into BC membrane matrix with different concentration of TiO2. The results of the field emission scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that the TiO2 nanoparticles coated with PPy were well homogeneously dispersed in the BC matrix. The photocatalytic activity of composite membrane was measured by methyl orange reaction model. Furthermore, the chemical structure of composite membrane and the anatase-TiO2 crystal structure were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and XRD analysis, respectively. According to this study, the photocatalytic activity of composite membranes was improved significantly by the addition of TiO2 due to the synergistic reaction between TiO2 and PPy. Besides that, the membrane exhibited the striking flexibility and mechanical properties. This study provided a green and facile method to prepare the BC /PPy /TiO2 composite membrane which would have potential applications in wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Adsorption Behaviour and Kinetics of Zearalenone on Hydroxyl-Fe-Al-Intercalated Montmorillonite

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Shengqiong Fang ◽  
Yueqi Xiao ◽  
Huiqiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Interlayer Spacing ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Dominant Mechanism ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Cationic Exchange

Pristine montmorillonite (Mont) was used as raw materials to prepare hydroxyl-Fe-pillared Mont, hydroxyl-Al-pillared Mont, and hydroxyl-Fe-Al-pillared Mont composites. By varying the OH/Fe and Fe/Al molar ratios during the preparation of the pillared Mont, the adsorption capacity of zearalenone (ZEA) and the kinetics were elucidated. The characterization of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy reveals the adsorption mechanism of pristine and modified Mont. The results indicated that the ZEA adsorption capacity is Mont (0.05 mg/g) << 1.5OH/Fe-Mont (0.28 mg/g) << OH/Al-Mont (0.51 mg/g) < 0.5Fe/Al-Mont (0.56 mg/g) in the condition of pH = 8 and 37°C, in which both 0.5Fe/Al-Mont and OH/Al-Mont reached maximum adsorption capacity and 1.5OH/Fe-Mont attained 5 times the capacity of Mont. Adsorption isotherm studies revealed that Freundlich adsorption isotherms best represented the experimental data. The kinetic data for ZEA adsorption revealed that the Mont adsorption capacity for ZEA equilibrates in 1 hour and is best described using the pseudo-second-order rate equation. The XRD analysis indicated that the amplification of Fe-dominant pillared Mont interlayer spacing is the main reason for the observed increases in the adsorption capacity of ZEA, while Al-dominant pillared Mont has a relatively stable Keggin structure; therefore, interlayer spacing is not the primary mechanism for changes in the adsorption capacity of both OH/Al-Mont and Al-dominant pillared Mont. An FT-IR analysis demonstrated that cationic exchange was the dominant mechanism that allowed ZEA and hydroxyl-Al ions to enter the Mont interlayers, while this cationic exchange mechanism was not the dominant mechanism used by hydroxyl-Fe entering the Mont layers.

scholarly journals Effects of Silane Debonder on the Properties of Fluff Pulp and the Study of Relevant Mechanism

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 155892501601100
Author(s):  
Yongjian Xu Shaanxi ◽  
Yuzhen Ning Shaanxi ◽  
Leigang Zuo ◽  
Hao Sun Shaanxi
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Pulp Fibers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Intramolecular Hydrogen

The influence of silane debonder on the properties of fluff pulp fibers was investigated. The results showed that the burst index and internal bond strength of pulp sheet decreased with the increasing debonder loading. The density and zero-span tensile strength didn't change significantly when the debonder was added. The absorption capacity of fiber increased with increasing the de-bonder loading and achieved a maximum value of 10.3 g·g-1 when the debonder loading was 2.5%. The relevant mechanism was studied by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). XRD analysis indicated that the debonder had no great influence on the crystal structure of fiber. FT-IR analysis results showed that it was easier to break the intermolecular hydrogen bond than the intramolecular hydrogen bond with the incorporation of debonder. Therefore, the proportion of intramolecular hydrogen was increased. The EDAX results indicated that the debonder can decrease the binding force of fiber by shielding the hydroxyl groups and preventing the formation of hydrogen bonds.

scholarly journals Multistep Chemical Processing of Crickets Leading to the Extraction of Chitosan Used for Synthesis of Polymer Drug Carriers

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5070
Author(s):  
Magdalena Głąb ◽  
Sonia Kudłacik-Kramarczyk ◽  
Anna Drabczyk ◽  
Martin Duarte Guigou ◽  
Agnieszka Sobczak-Kupiec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Substance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Alkaline Environments ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Antibacterial And Anticancer Activity

Chitosan belongs to the group of biopolymers with increasing range of potential applications therefore searching for new raw materials as well as new techniques of obtaining of this polysaccharide are currently a subject of interest of many scientists. Presented manuscript describes preparation of chitosan from crickets. Obtainment of final product required a number of processes aimed at removal of undesirable substances such as waxes, mineral salts, proteins or pigments from above-mentioned insects. Chemical structure of fractions obtained after each step was compared with the structure of commercial chitosan by means of techniques such as X-ray diffraction and FT-IR spectroscopy. Final product was subsequently used for preparation of polymer capsules that were modified with active substance characterized by antibacterial and anticancer activity—nisin. Next, sorption capacity of obtained materials was evaluated as well as a release profile of active substance in different environments. Based on the conducted research it can be concluded that crickets constitute an alternative for shellfish and other conventional sources of chitosan. Furthermore, obtained capsules on the basis of such prepared chitosan can be considered as drug delivery systems which efficiency of release of active substance is bigger in alkaline environments.

Synthesis and Characterization of Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide

2012 ◽  
Vol 454 ◽  
pp. 101-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Zhong Yin ◽  
Qi Tan ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Xiao Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Layered Double Hydroxide ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Double Hydroxide ◽  
Partical Size

Mg-Al layered double hydroxide was synthesized by the method of mechanochemistry /crystallization at the dry milling time of 6 h, wet milling time of 2 h, milling speed of 250 r/min, and ball to powder weight ratio of 50 to 1 using brucite, Al(OH)3 and Na2CO3 as the raw materials. Characterizations of the materials were achieved by XRD, TEM, FT-IR and TG-DSC. The results showed that well crystallized Mg-Al LDH with average partical size of 40 nm were synthesized under this condition. Mg-Al LDH was formed with CO32- freely intercalated between the hydroxide host layers. The material generally decomposed via two distinct stages. The first stage at 229.5 °C was attributed to the loss of interlayer water, and the second stage at 407.8°C was due to the loss of hydroxyl groups from the brucite-like layer, as well as of the carbonate irons.

Unsaturated Polyesters with Pendant Double Bonds and Investigation of their Self Curable Activity

2014 ◽  
Vol 1052 ◽  
pp. 262-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Yan Li ◽  
Yi Yu Chen ◽  
Fang Fang Zhu ◽  
Chong Wen Li
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Double Bonds ◽  
Unsaturated Polyesters ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Nucleophilic Addition Reaction ◽  
Ft Ir

In this paper, the self-curable unsaturated polyester was put forward as a new solution to air pollution problems caused by the cross-linking monomer’s volatilization in unsaturated polyesters (UP) industry. Two kinds of unsaturated polyesters with the vinyl double bonds at the side chain were synthesized with Itaconic acid (IA) or Itaconic anhydride (ITA) as raw materials. The first one was prepared with IA, isophthalic acid and propylene glycol (IPP-UP), and the second one was synthesized with glycidol (GL) and ITA (IG-UP). Investigation demonstrates that the latter UP resin could be self-cured through the nucleophilic addition reaction of hydroxyl groups with double bonds or the free-radical homopolymerization of double bonds when they were heated without cross-linking monomers. However, the former couldn’t. Factors on self-crosslinking activity and crosslinking mechamism of pendant vinyl bonds from IA or ITA were explored.1H-NMR and FT-IR were used to characterize.

Structural, Thermal and Electrical Properties of Doped Poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene)

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepali Kelkar ◽  
◽  
Ashish Chourasia ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Structure Modification ◽  
Camphorsulfonic Acid ◽  
Thermal And Electrical Properties ◽  
Ft Ir

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was chemically synthesized, undoped and then re-doped using FeCl3 as well as camphorsulfonic acid (CSA). FT-IR results confirm the nature of the synthesized and doped samples. XRD analysis indicates crystal structure modification after doping and was also used to calculate crystallinity of samples. Crystallinity increases after FeCl3 doping, whereas it reduces due to CSA doping. TGA-DTA results show reduction in Tg value for FeCl3 doped sample while it increases for CSA doped samples compared to that of undoped PEDOT. Reduction in Tg indicates plasticizing effect of FeCl3 whereas increase in Tg show anti-plasticizing effect of CSA in PEDOT. Conductivity value () increases by two orders of magnitude after doping. Log vs. 1/T graph show metallic nature of undoped PEDOT above 308 K, however both doped samples show semiconducting nature from 301 to 383 K.

Properties and Applications of Modified Bacterial Cellulose-Based Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munair Badshah ◽  
Hanif Ullah ◽  
Fazli Wahid ◽  
Taous Khan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Ideal Candidate ◽  
Fibrous Network ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Surface Modification Techniques

Background: Bacterial cellulose (BC) is purest form of cellulose as it is free from pactin, lignin, hemicellulose and other active constituents associated with cellulose derived from plant sources. High biocompatibility and easy molding into desired shape make BC an ideal candidate for applications in biomedical field such as tissue engineering, wound healing and bone regeneration. In addition to this, BC has been widely studied for applications in the delivery of proteins and drugs in various forms via different routes. However, BC lacks therapeutic properties and resistance to free movement of small molecules i.e., gases and solvents. Therefore, modification of BC is required to meet the research ad market demand. Methods: We have searched the updated data relevant to as-synthesized and modified BC, properties and applications in various fields using Web of science, Science direct, Google and PubMed. Results: As-synthesized BC possesses properties such as high crystallinity, well organized fibrous network, higher degree of polymerization, and ability of being produced in swollen form. The large surface area with abundance of free accessible hydroxyl groups makes BC an ideal candidate for carrying out surface functionalization to enhance its features. The various reported surface modification techniques including, but not limited to, are amination, methylation and acetylation. Conclusion: In this review, we have highlighted various approaches made for BC surface modification. We have also reported enhancement in the properties of modified BC and potential applications in different fields ranging from biomedical science to drug delivery and paper-making to various electronic devices.

scholarly journals Polyurethane Composite Foams Synthesized Using Bio-Polyols and Cellulose Filler

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3474
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Uram ◽  
Milena Leszczyńska ◽  
Aleksander Prociak ◽  
Anna Czajka ◽  
Michał Gloc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Polyurethane Composite ◽  
Composite Foams ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Rigid polyurethane foams were obtained using two types of renewable raw materials: bio-polyols and a cellulose filler (ARBOCEL® P 4000 X, JRS Rettenmaier, Rosenberg, Germany). A polyurethane system containing 40 wt.% of rapeseed oil-based polyols was modified with the cellulose filler in amounts of 1, 2, and 3 php (per hundred polyols). The cellulose was incorporated into the polyol premix as filler dispersion in a petrochemical polyol made using calenders. The cellulose filler was examined in terms of the degree of crystallinity using the powder X-ray diffraction PXRD -and the presence of bonds by means of the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR. It was found that the addition of the cellulose filler increased the number of cells in the foams in both cross-sections—parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the foam growth—while reducing the sizes of those cells. Additionally, the foams had closed cell contents of more than 90% and initial thermal conductivity coefficients of 24.8 mW/m∙K. The insulation materials were dimensionally stable, especially at temperatures close to 0 °C, which qualifies them for use as insulation at low temperatures.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Fabrication, and Characterization of Functionalized Polydiacetylene Containing Cellulose Nanofibrous Composites for Colorimetric Sensing of Organophosphate Compounds

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1869
Author(s):  
A K M Mashud Alam ◽  
Donovan Jenks ◽  
George A. Kraus ◽  
Chunhui Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Colorimetric Sensing ◽  
Electrospinning Technique ◽  
Hazardous Chemical ◽  
Tensile Tester ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Landmark Study

Organophosphate (OP) compounds, a family of highly hazardous chemical compounds included in nerve agents and pesticides, have been linked to more than 250,000 annual deaths connected to various chronic diseases. However, a solid-state sensing system that is able to be integrated into a clothing system is rare in the literature. This study aims to develop a nanofiber-based solid-state polymeric material as a soft sensor to detect OP compounds present in the environment. Esters of polydiacetylene were synthesized and incorporated into a cellulose acetate nanocomposite fibrous assembly developed with an electrospinning technique, which was then hydrolyzed to generate more hydroxyl groups for OP binding. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Instron® tensile tester, contact angle analyzer, and UV–Vis spectroscopy were employed for characterizations. Upon hydrolysis, polydiacetylene esters in the cellulosic fiber matrix were found unaffected by hydrolysis treatment, which made the composites suitable for OP sensing. Furthermore, the nanofibrous (NF) composites exhibited tensile properties suitable to be used as a textile material. Finally, the NF composites exhibited colorimetric sensing of OP, which is visible to the naked eye. This research is a landmark study toward the development of OP sensing in a protective clothing system.

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