scholarly journals Spread of Corona Virus Disease (COVID – 19) from an Outbreak to Pandemic in the Year 2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ghafoor Ali ◽  
Muhammad Owais Ahmad ◽  
Saima Narjees Husain
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
First Case

Aims: The COVID-19 is most recently discovered of the corona viruses which caused respiratory infections consisting of two large scale pandemics MERS & SARS and found to be zoonotic in origin. The disease started from Wuhan local seafood market in China and infected 2,761 people. The 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of critically ill patients and has shown it 96% identical to bat coronavirus and bearing same cell entry receptor angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2). Corona means crown in Latin and it look like a crown under a microscope. Corona virus disease is an infectious disease where most infected people suffered from mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment however older people and those with underlying medical problems develop serious illness and can be prevented by washing the hands or using an alcohol based rub and not touching the face. Outbreak is small but unusual; the epidemic is outbreak over a larger geographic area while pandemic spreads to multiple countries. Methodology: The duration of review for spread of COVID-19 was between 31st December 2019 to 11th March 2020. The 31st December 2019 was the reporting of first case of Corona Virus (COVID-19) by the China while 11th March was declaration date of Pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).A total of 70 papers consisting of research article, review papers and news reports has been studied and evaluated. Results: China on 31 December 2019 first informed about COVID-19 and WHO declared on 11 March 2020 that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic. Scientists suspected that corona virus originated in a bat and before passing to human hopped to another animal. Thailand, Japan, USA, France, Australia, Germany, Italy and Spain reported their first case on 13, 16, 19, 24, 25, 27, 31 and 31 January 2020. In February the cases reported by Belgium, Egypt, Iran, Brazil, Pakistan, Netherland, England and Ireland on 4,14,19,25,26,27,28,29 while in March cases seen in Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Peru and Turkey on 2, 5, 6 and 10 respectively. WHO on 11 March 2020 assessed the outbreak as a pandemic with 114 affected countries. Conclusions: The spread of disease as a pandemic occurred due to movement of carriers outside China. Strict quarantine needed to prevent spread of disease. The code of ethics for social distancing should be defined and strictly implemented. Selling, buying and eating of wildlife animals should be internationally banned.

scholarly journals Long Term Effect of COVID-19 on the Brain: Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Shreerag Devkumar ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Jha ◽  
Dhruba Hari Chandi
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Disorder ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Corona viruses (CoVs) are well-covered RNA viruses that cause enteric and respiratory infections in humans and animals. Many human CoVs have recently gained global interest because of their lethal power and high contagious power. SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19, is a pathogenic coV that first appeared in Wuhan, China. Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) created by SARS-CoV-2, has been declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization since March 11, 2020. The epidemic started in Wuhan and spread rapidly around the world. Corona virus is facing a major epidemic: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). SARS-CoV-2 is a virus closely related to SARS. Corona virus (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 VIRUS, a complex clinical disorder characterized by severe pneumonia and acute respiratory stress syndrome. Serious and neurological disorders, such as encephalitis, coma, fever, epilepsy, and Guillain-Barré syndrome, are more common in cases of COVID-19. In addition, chronic autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases may occur in SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology and colonization of intestinal and central nervous system, as well as systemic inflammatory response during COVID-19. Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative condition that causes the development of motor and non-motor symptoms.

scholarly journals Corona Virus Disease 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
Diah Handayani ◽  
Dwi Rendra Hadi ◽  
Fathiyah Isbaniah ◽  
Erlina Burhan ◽  
Heidy Agustin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Probable Case ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Health Organization

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new name given by World Health Organization (WHO) of 2019 novel corona virus infection, reported at the end of 2019 from Wuhan, Cina. The spread of infection occurs rapidly and creates a new pandemic threat. Etiology of COVID-19 was identified in 10 January 2020, a betacorona virus, similar with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS CoV). The clue diagnosis pathway of COVID-19 were history of travel from Wuhan or others infected countries within 14 days prior, and symptoms of acute respiratory illness (ARI) or lower respiratory infection (pneumonia) with the result of real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) specific for COVID-19. The WHO classified COVID-19 into suspect case, probable case and confirmed case. Indonesia Ministry of Health classified the case into in monitoring (ODP), patient under surveillance (PDP), people without symptom (OTG) and confirmed case. Specimens for detection COVID-19 could be acquired from nasal and nasopharynx swab, sputum and another lower respiratory aspirate including broncoalveolar lavage (BAL). Management of COVID-19 consist of isolation and infection control, supportive treatment according to the disease severity which could be mild (acute respiratory infection) to severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Disease transmission is via droplets and contact with droplets. Currently, there is no antiviral and vaccine. Prevention is very important for this disease by limitation of transmission, identification and isolate patients. Prognosis is determined by severity of the disease and patient comorbidity. Information about this novel disease remains very few, studies are still ongoing and is needing further research to fight with this new virus. (J Respir Indo. 2020; 40(2): 120-30)

scholarly journals CORONA VIRUS DISEASE 2019: THE PERSPECTIVE OPINION FROM PRE-SERVICE ELEMENTARY EDUCATION TEACHER

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Bramianto Setiawan ◽  
Vina Iasha
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Education Teacher ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Teacher Education Department ◽  
Almost All

Recently, the corona virus as known COVID-19 is an influenza-like symptoms virus that can give a deadly effect on humans. World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that this virus is a “Pandemic” and there is not the country that considered safe from this virus. Indonesia is one of the countries affected by the Corona virus and according to the data from the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) of Indonesia on April 2, 2020, 1,790 people were positively infected by the corona virus. In this research, we will explain the knowledge of undergraduate students, especially the teacher education department about the corona virus to prevent the spread of the virus in its environment. The method that was used in this study was a qualitative method and 116 undergraduate students in the elementary education teacher department were used as respondents. The data was taken from March 23rd-31st,2020 from online questionnaires form. There were five questions in the online questionnaire form to test the level of student understanding of this virus. The research shows that almost all respondents (97.44%) stated that they knew information about the corona virus. Besides, the data shows that almost all respondents know about prevention methods and indicators of infected people with the corona virus even though the information is not known in depth.

scholarly journals COVID-19: A Global Pandemic of 21st Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-s) ◽  
pp. 311-321
Author(s):  
Prabhakar Budholiya ◽  
Abdul Wajid Ali ◽  
Deepshikha Gunwan ◽  
Sana Sahil ◽  
C.K. Tyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Director General ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Corona Viruses

In last of 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started monitoring the outbreak of a new corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes the respiratory illness now known as COVID-19. Authorities first identified the virus in Wuhan, China. More than 82542 case of Corona virus in China at 31 March 2020. Health authorities have identified many other people with COVID-19 around the world. On 31 March 2020, the virus spread more than 750890 People in the World. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared a public health emergency relating to COVID-19. Since then, this strain has been diagnosed in several residents of world. The CDC have advised that it is likely to spread to more people. COVID-19 has affected at least 213 countries or territories or areas. The first people with COVID-19 had links to an animal and seafood market. This fact suggested that animals initially transmitted the virus to humans. However, people with a more recent diagnosis had no connections with or exposure to the market, confirming that humans can pass the virus to each other. Corona viruses will infect most people at some time during their lifetime. Corona viruses can mutate effectively, which makes them so contagious. Information on the virus is scarce at present. In the past, respiratory conditions that develop from corona viruses, such as SARS and MERS, have spread through close contacts. On 17 February 2020, the Director-General of the WHO presented at a media briefing the following updates on how often the symptoms of COVID-19.However, while some viruses are highly contagious, it is less clear how rapidly corona viruses will spread. Symptoms vary from person-to-person with COVID-19. It may produce few or no symptoms. However, it can also lead to severe illness and may be fatal. On 11 March 2020, WHO declared Novel Corona virus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak as a Pandemic. Keywords: WHO, ICMR, SARS-CoV-2, Bats, Wuhan City, Pneumonia, Respiratory Infection, Pandemic

scholarly journals COVID-19 and pregnancy: the fruitful experience of the university hospital of Tangier Morocco with hydroxychloroquine and anti-retroviral treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1143
Author(s):  
Karima Aouali ◽  
Houda Moustaid ◽  
Houda Moustaid ◽  
Saad Benkirane ◽  
Saad Benkirane
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
First Case

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the emerging virus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization as a global public health emergency. Since the first case of COVID-19 was declared the Moroccan government set up drastic preventative measures to deal with the spread of the virus such as compulsory containment, telework, distance education, use of masks in public places, and many other preventive measures. Pregnant women require special attention in relation to prevention, diagnosis and management. We herein reported a prospective observational study that aims to evaluate the security and effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine on pregnant women with corona virus disease. Our study is a prospective study performed in the three hospitals specialized on corona virus disease 2019 in tangier morocco. We included pregnant women hospitalized with COVID-19 and reproductive-aged. Most cases took the hydroxychloroquine treatment. The maternal outcomes under hydroxychloroquine appear good in most cases for both mother and child and seemed to be safe according to several studies on its use for rheumatic diseases. In the absence of more robust data, this treatment might be best practice in countries that can’t afford the expensive antiviral treatment in this outbreak especially in emergency situations.

scholarly journals An Effect of Covid Treatment on Oral Cavity

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-118
Author(s):  
Milan Sikarwar
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
First Case ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract: Covid-19 means Corona Virus Disease which is an emergency disease declared by World Health Organization. Its first case was reported on December, 2019 in a city of China name Wuhan. Responsible virus for Covid-19 is SARS-CoV-2. Disease can be transmitted by Sneezing, Coughing, Close Contact etc. Patient of Covid-19 advise to isolate themselves for minimum 14 days either in Home or Hospital setup.

scholarly journals Legal Analysis of Government Policy on Large Scale Social Restrictions in Handling Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-200
Author(s):  
Ratna Desinta Mega Kumala
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Risk Factors ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Corona Virus

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic so prevention efforts need to be made to avoid an increase in cases. In the context of prevention efforts carried out the implementation of health quarantine as regulated in Act Number 6 of 2018 concerning Health Quarantine. The implementation of health quarantine is a joint responsibility of the Central Government and Regional Governments as a form of protection of public health from diseases and / or public health risk factors that have the potential to cause public health emergencies. Health quarantine is carried out through disease observation activities and public health risk factors for transportation, people, goods, and  or the environment, as well as responses to public health emergencies in the form of Health quarantine measures. One of the acts of health quarantine is in the form of large-scale social restrictions. The spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Indonesia is now increasing and expanding across regions and across countries accompanied by the number of cases and / or the number of deaths. The increase has an impact on political, economic, social, cultural, defense and security aspects, as well as the welfare of the people in Indonesia, so it is necessary to accelerate the handling of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the form of large-scale social restrictions in order to reduce the spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is expanding. 

Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Narrative Review Based on Current Status

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Das ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽  
Meenakshi Dhanawat
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract:: A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared and expanded globally by the end of year in 2019 from Wuhan, China, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. During its initial stage, the disease was called the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 February 2020. The WHO declared worldwide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a pandemic on March 2020. On 30 January 2020 the first case of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in India. Now in current situation the virus is floating in almost every part of the province and rest of the globe. -: On the basis of novel published evidences, we efficiently summarized the reported work with reference to COVID-19 epidemiology, pathogen, clinical symptoms, treatment and prevention. Using several worldwide electronic scientific databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Science direct, Scopus, etc were utilized for extensive investigation of relevant literature. -: This review is written in the hope of encouraging the people successfully with the key learning points from the underway efforts to perceive and manage SARS-CoV-2, suggesting sailent points for expanding future research.

scholarly journals Upaya Pemenuhan Vaksin Covid-19 Untuk Memutus Rantai Penyebaran Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulton Ali Ma'ruf
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Corona Virus

Tahun 2019 akhir, dunia digemparkan dengan kemunculan virus Corona Virus Disease 2019. Virus ini berasal dari kota Wuhan Provinsi Hubei, China. Perkembangan virus ini tergolong sangat cepat, oleh karena itu World Health Organisation (WHO) menyatakan Covid-19 sebagai pandemi global pada tanggal 11 Maret 2020. Penyebaran virus ini melalui udara atau droplet yang dihasilkan saat batuk ataupun saat bersin. Untuk mempercepat penanggulangan pandemi Covid-19, strategi yang dilakukan adalah pemberian vaksin untuk memberikan imun kepada setiap warga Negara. Pemberian vaksin ini adalah upaya Negara dalam melindungi hak atas kesehatan bagi setiap warga Negara di masa pandemic. Namun masih banyak masyarakat diindonesia yang menolak untuk diberikan vaksinasi Covid-19 karena beredarnya berita HOAX tentang vaksinasi Covid-19 yang menyebabkan masyarakat takut dan ragu untuk dilakukan vaksinasi karena masyarakat beranggapan bahwa vaksinasi Covid-19 itu berbahaya dan dapat menimbulkan kematian. Namun masyarakat Indonesia harus sadar bahwa vaksin Covid-19 sangat penting.

scholarly journals The expression of hACE2 receptor protein and its involvement in SARS-CoV-2 entry, pathogenesis, and its application as potential therapeutic target

Tumor Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-196
Author(s):  
Lobna Al-Zaidan ◽  
Sarra Mestiri ◽  
Afsheen Raza ◽  
Maysaloun Merhi ◽  
Varghese Philipose Inchakalody ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
World Health ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Spike Glycoprotein ◽  
Binding Interface

Pneumonia cases of unknown etiology in Wuhan, Hubei province, China were reported to the World Health Organization on 31st of December 2019. Later the pathogen was reported to be a novel coronavirus designated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease outspread was followed by WHO declaration of COVID-19 pandemic as a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern”. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel pathogenic beta coronavirus that infects humans causing severe respiratory illness. However, multifarious factors can contribute to the susceptibility to COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality such as age, gender, and underlying comorbidities. Infection initiates when viral particles bind to the host cell surface receptors where SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein subunit 1 binds to the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2). It is of importance to mention that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses’ mediate entry into the host cells via ACE2 receptor which might be correlated with the structural similarity of spike glycoprotein subunit 1 of both SARS viruses. However, the structural binding differs, whereas ACE2 receptor binding affinity with SARS-CoV-2 is 4 folds higher than that with SARS-CoV. Moreover, amino acids sequence divergence between the two S glycoproteins might be responsible for differential modulations of the specific immune response to both viruses. Identification of different aspects such as binding affinity, differential antigenic profiles of S-glycoproteins, and ACE2 mutations might influence the investigation of potential therapeutic strategies targeting SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 binding interface. In this review, we aim to elaborate on the expression of hACE2 receptor protein and its binding with SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit, the possible immunogenic sequences of spike protein, effect of ACE 2 polymorphism on viral binding, and infectivity/susceptibility to disease. Furthermore, targeting of hACE2 receptor binding with SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit via various mechanisms will be discussed to understand its role in therapeutics.

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