scholarly journals Minimum Performance Standards of Tillage Implements

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Maan Singh ◽  
Mukesh Jain ◽  
Vivek R. Kamat ◽  
. Aman ◽  
Manoj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Performance Standard ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Minimum Area ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Minimum Depth ◽  
Field Efficiency ◽  
Minimum Performance

This article focuses on formulation of minimum performance standards (MPS) for tillage machinery such as rotavator, disc harrow and cultivator. The required minimum performance standard of different tillage machinery under sandy loam soil condition is discussed further in this paper and recommended in order to ensure availability of quality tillage machinery to the farmers. The minimum performance standards for minimum depth of cut, minimum depth of puddle, minimum area covered per meter working width, minimum field efficiency, maximum fuel consumption per meter working width, minimum puddling index and maximum PTO power requirement per meter working width is 6.50 cm, 14 cm, 0.23 ha h-1, 76%, 3.0 l h-1, 77% and 11 kW respectively. The minimum performance standards for minimum depth of cut, minimum area covered per meter of working width, minimum field efficiency, maximum fuel consumption per meter of working width, maximum draft per meter of working width and maximum drawbar power per meter of working width of disc harrow is 8 cm, 0.43 ha h-1, 70%, 3.0 l h-1, 213 kg-f and 4.0 kW respectively. Similarly, minimum performance of the cultivators were recommended based on the analysis of results of different parameters such as minimum depth of cut, minimum area covered per meter of working width, minimum field efficiency, maximum fuel consumption per meter of working width, maximum draft per meter of working width and maximum drawbar power per meter of working width is 9 cm, 0.41 ha h-1, 75%, 2.0 l h-1, 244 kg-f and 3.4 kW respectively. Along with the performance parameters, other requirements like safety, dimensions, label, material of construction and breakdowns are discussed and recommended.

scholarly journals Effect of Ploughing Depth, Tractor Forward Speed, and Plough Types on the Fuel Consumption and Tractor Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Kareem Ibrahim kareem ◽  
P. Sven
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Ploughing Depth

Cost of fuel has a significant impact on the input costs of agricultural production, especially during primary tillage. It is affected by several parameters including tractor forward speed, depths of ploughing, and plough types. The experiment was performed in a Soil Hall at Harper Adams University, United Kingdom, in April 2015. A Massey Ferguson 8480 4WD tractor was used for investigating objectives of this study. The experiment was performed in a sandy loam soil texture at 11.73% soil moisture content and 1.35 (g/cm3) dry bulk density to study the amount of fuel consumption (l/ha) and the performance of tractor with effect of moldboard and disc ploughs as ploughs type, 15 and 20 cm as ploughing depth and 5 and 7 km/h as tractor forward speeds. The results showed that fuel consumption with a disc plough 5% was higher compared to the moldboard. Fuel consumption decreased approximately 8% when tractor at 7 km/h. Fuel consumption significantly decreased about 34% when ploughing depth increased from 15 to 20 cm. The power requirement to operate moldboard plough was higher by about 14% than a disc. The power requirement at speeds of 7 km/h was higher compared to the speeds of 5 km/h by about 27%. When the depth of ploughing increased from 15 to 20 cm, the power requirement increased by about 1.5%.

scholarly journals Development and Performance Evaluation of Groundnut Digger Elevator cum Heap Formater

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajvir Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Field Capacity ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Field Efficiency ◽  
And Performance

Groundnut (Archis hypogaea L) or peanut is a major oilseed crop which contributes 40 per cent of the total area and 30 per cent of total production of oilseed crops. In India among the major groundnut growing states, Gujarat is the most important one accounting for 36 % of the total area. The groundnut digger elevator cum heap formater was developed considering various theories related to digger, elevator and heap formater assembly, agronomical parameters of groundnut, functional requirement and general consideration. The main components such as main frame, digging blade, elevator and heap assembly were developed. The developed groundnut digger elevator cum heap formater was able to dig up the groundnut plants with pods and convey them for removing the soil from pods and making heap. The experimental results showed the depth of cut of groundnut digger elevator cum heap assembly was found as 13.00 cm, while width of coverage measure as 60 cm and moisture content (d.b.) of 19.20%. The draft requirement of 235 kgf and power requirement was calculated 7.83 hp with fuel requirement of 2.04 l/h. The theoretical field capacity of digger elevator cum heap formater was 0.12 ha/h while effective field capacity was 0.0935 ha/h with field efficiency of 80.47 %. The digging efficiency were found as 84.18, 85.23 and 86.36 % at the forward speed of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 km/h respectively. The total quality of pod was found 176.41, 180.21 and 173.91 gm and pod damage percentage was found 4.37, 4.36 and 4.73 % at forward speed of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 km/h. The cost of harvesting by developed digger cum heap formater was found to be ₹ 371.98 /h.

Light-Weight Tire Concept

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
F. Lux ◽  
H. Stumpf
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Lower Fuel Consumption ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tire Production

Abstract Current demands by the consumer, the automobile industry, and the environment have determined the basis of this investigation. In the past, the requirements—ever faster, ever sportier—were accepted as decisive parameters for the development of our study. In the future, rational and safety-related tire characteristics as well as environmental consciousness will increase, whereas purely performance-related parameters will diminish in their importance. Through our light-weight tire project, we have paved the way for future tire generations. The first priority is the minimal use of material resources; this means a reduction of materials and energy in tire production by using advanced design and production methods without sacrificing performance standards. This benefits the consumer—the final judge of all of our activities—by considerably reducing the rolling resistance, leading to lower fuel consumption. Further design targets include the improvement of rolling behavior and increased comfort by reducing tire weight, and therefore a reduction in unsprung masses on the vehicle.

scholarly journals Research of the Photo-Optical Method Application for Measuring Selected Data on the Movement of a Parachute for Type M-282

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5637
Author(s):  
Peter Kaľavský ◽  
Róbert Rozenberg ◽  
Peter Korba ◽  
Martin Kelemen ◽  
Matej Antoško ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Method ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Performance Standard ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Vertical Speed ◽  
Individualized Training ◽  
Minimum Performance

Testing in the field of parachute technology provides space for the application of new and innovative methods of measuring operating and functional parameters. The main aim of the paper is to present the results of research for the verification of the photo-optical method of measuring the vertical speed of the M-282 parachutes, and for its use in testing, collecting, and investigating motion data in parachuting. As part of this measuring technology, twelve jumps were performed. It was verified that the experiment was completed for the M-282 parachute according to the regulation of SAE AS 8015B “Minimum Performance Standard Parachute Assemblies and Components”. An analysis of the influencing factors and quantification of their influence on the uncertainty of the measurement results was also performed. The results of the measurement achieved by using the photo-optical method were compared with the measurement with the electronic variometer FLYTEC 4030. The vertical speed of the M-282 parachute (4.655 m·s−1) defined by the photo-optical method is significantly similar to the vertical speed of the M-282 parachute (4.662 m·s−1) defined by FLYTEC 4030. We can state that the process of identifying the vertical speed of the parachute by the photo-optical method was correct. This is a suitable method of evaluating motion data in the operation of M-282 type parachutes. In the following research for generalization of the methodology, we assume the performance of more than 60 experimental jumps using different types of parachutes, digital sensors (cameras), and a photo-optical method to examine motion data and formulate recommendations for testing, investigative applications, individualized training programs, and aspects of parachuting injury prevention.

Energy Efficiency Based Operation of Compressed Air System on Ships to Reduce Fuel 163 Consumption and CO2 Emission

2019 ◽  
Vol 161 (A2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Leakage Rate ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Operating Load ◽  
Air System ◽  
Potential Energy Saving

Energy efficiency subject has been gaining importance in maritime sector. The compressed air is a valuable energy source in operational manner, by the reason of intrinsic lack of efficiency in pressurization process. Operational pressure and leakage rate are the major variables which affect operational efficiency of the system. This study aims to reveal potential energy saving for the compressed air system. To this end, several pressure ranges, 29-30 bars to 14-18 bars, and different leakage rates 2.4% to 45% are evaluated. After the data was obtained from ships, thermodynamic calculations had been carried out. Optimization of pressure saves 47.3% in daily power requirement, 58,2% in compressed air unit cost, 18.4 and 57.4 tons of reduction in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in a year respectively. High leakage rates can cause 2.7 times more power and fuel consumption. Finally, operating load, as an important indicator of compressor, makes imperfections identifiable.

scholarly journals Design, Construct and Evaluation of a Single Row Hand-Pushed Mechanical Weed Control Machine

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-406
Author(s):  
A. Saleh ◽  
M.L. Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
Field Efficiency ◽  
Peasant Farmers ◽  
Control Machine

Weed control is one of the major problems in crop and vegetable production in Nigeria. Most of the peasant farmers use manual weeders in their cultivation, a process that is costly, labour intensive and time consuming. The process does not also give the farmer adequate returns to enable him breakeven. It is, therefore, necessary to design a weeding equipment which minimize the human effort and provide efficient work output for the peasant farmer. This study focus on designing, construction and evaluation of a hand-pushed weed control machine that would eliminate the challenges being faced by the farmer in weeding. Materials selected to suit the construction of the weeder are durable and locally available, easily replaced if damaged and at affordable cost. They include mild steel (3mm, 5mm), 30 mm circular (hollow) pipes, 10 mm diameter steel rod, and 40 cm pneumatic tyre. The developed weeding machine was evaluated in the experimental farm of IAR with impressive results. It works well in sandy loam soil of about 25.65% moisture content and requires less labour force compared to the manual hoe. It has about 84.7% weeding efficiency, 0.0129ha/hr effectivefield capacity, 0.019ha/hr theoretical field capacity and 68% field efficiency. The average cost of the weeding is N21, 000:00. Keywords: Manual weeding, hand-pushed weeder, weeding efficiency, field efficiency

Assurance and Verification of Safety Critical Elements in Asset Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girish Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Performance Standard ◽  
Management Process ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Maintenance System ◽  
Major Accident ◽  
And Control

Abstract Safety Critical Elements (SCEs) are the equipment and systems that provide the foundation of risk management associated with Major Accident Hazards (MAHs). A SCE is classified as an equipment, structure or system whose failure could cause or contribute to a major accident, or the purpose of which is to prevent or limit the effect of a major accident. Once the SCE has been ascertained, it is essential to describe its critical function in terms of a Performance Standard. Based on the Performance Standard, assurance tasks can be stated in the maintenance system to ensure that the required performance is confirmed. By analyzing the data in the maintenance system, confidence can be gained that all the SCEs required to manage Major Accidents and Environmental Hazards are functioning correctly. Alternatively, corrective actions can be taken to reinstate the integrity of the systems if shortcomings are identified. This paper shall detail out how the MAH and SCE Management process is initiated to follow the best industry practices in the identification and integrity management of major accident hazards as well as safety critical equipment. The tutorial shall describe in detail the following important stages:Identification of Major Accident HazardsIdentification of Safety Critical Equipment, involved in managing Major Accident HazardsDefine Performance Standards for these Safety Critical EquipmentExecution of the Assurance processes that maintain or ensure the continued suitability of the SCE Equipment, and that these are meeting the Performance StandardsVerification that all stages have been undertaken, any deviations being managed and thus that Major Accident Hazards are being controlled.Analyze and Improve Through the diligent application of these stages, it is possible to meet the requirements for MAH and SCE Management process giving a better understanding and control of risks in the industry.

Development and Flight Validation of Proposed Unmanned Aerial System Handling Qualities Requirements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Ivler ◽  
Kevin Truong ◽  
Declan Kerwin ◽  
Joel Otomize ◽  
Danielle Parmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Performance Standard ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Dynamic Scaling ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Handling Qualities ◽  
Aerial Systems

Unmanned aerial systems, commonly known as drones, present new opportunities to perform autonomous tasks. Handling qualities requirements for manned vertical lift aircraft have been well defined and documented. The need to define handling qualities requirements for vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to meet mission demands is of paramount importance for all potential operators and procurement agencies. One way to relate handling qualities specifications of large-scale manned and subscale unmanned aircraft is through Froude dynamic scaling. Froude dynamic scaling based on hub-to-hub distance has shown great promise in relating the natural frequencies of scaled multicopters. There have been recent efforts to develop a VTOL-UAS handling qualities standard by scaling mission task elements and rating their performance through a Trajectory, Tracking, and Aggression (TTA) score. This paper proposes a new performance standard adapted from the TTA scoring method, along with a modified Cooper–Harper scale as a VTOL-UAS handling qualities framework that is consistent with the spirit of Aeronautical Design Standard 33 (ADS-33). These newly proposed performance standards were then validated through simulation and flight testing on a small hexacopter UAS, flown at the University of Portland. A key outcome of this work is the flight verification of a key dynamic response metric, the disturbance rejection bandwidth, and associated validation of Froude scaling for predicted handling qualities metrics.

Evaluation of Additional Cooking Procedures To Achieve Lethality Microbiological Performance Standards for Large, Intact Meat Products

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1741-1745 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. HANEKLAUS ◽  
K. B. HARRIS ◽  
M. P. CUERVO ◽  
O. I. ILHAK ◽  
L. M. LUCIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Performance Standard ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Fully Cooked ◽  
Inspection Service

The U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) has a specific lethality performance standard for ready-to-eat products. To assist meat processing establishments in meeting the performance standard, USDA-FSIS developed Appendix A, which provides guidelines for cooking temperatures, times, and relative humidity. This project determined whether the USDA-FSIS performance standards for lethality were met when using parameters other than those identified in Appendix A to cook large hams and beef inside rounds. The effects of alternative lethality parameters on the reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium and coliforms and on the toxin production of Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. Large (9- to 12-kg) cured bone-in hams (n = 80) and large (8- to 13-kg) uncured beef inside rounds (n = 80) were used in this study. The products were subjected to 1 of 10 treatments defined by combinations of final internal product temperatures (48.9, 54.4, 60.0, 65.6, or 71.1°C) and batch oven relative humidities (50 or 90%). For all treatments, at least a 6.5-log reduction in Salmonella Typhimurium was achieved. The coliform counts were also substantially reduced for both hams and rounds. Across all treatments for both products, S. aureus toxin production was not detected. The relative humidity did not alter the lethality effectiveness for any of the treatments. The final internal temperatures and relative humidity combinations used in this project achieved the lethality performance standard established by USDA-FSIS for fully cooked, ready-to-eat products.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document