Safety and Fertility Potential of Kenyan Grewia tenax (Mukawa Wa Guba) Root Extract Secondary Metabolites

Aim: To screen Kenyan Grewia tenax root extract phytochemicals and correlate the attribute fertility enhancing effects and safety in female albino rats. Study Design: An experimental study design was used. Place and Duration of Study: The phytochemical studies were done at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Department of Botany Laboratory, while acute oral toxicity studies were done at the Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi (UON) animal house. The study was done during the month of March to June 2019. Methodology: Grewia tenax was harvested with the help of a plant taxonomist. The roots were chopped into small pieces and dried under shade for three weeks. They were then ground into powder. Organic extracts were prepared by sequential extraction (petroleum ether, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and methanol), by use of cold maceration. Aqueous extracts were obtained by hot maceration. Phytochemical screening of extracts was done by standard phytochemical procedures. A total of 12 female albino rats were used in acute oral toxicity studies as per OECD 423 guidelines. Results: Methanol extract had the highest composition of phytochemicals, i.e. alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes and cardiac glycosides. Aqueous and DCM extracts showed presence of alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides, while petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts showed presence of alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. Steroids and tannins were absent in all extracts. Flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenes are fertility enhancing compounds due to their antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. Flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides improve fertility by inducing ovarian steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis. In the acute oral toxicity study, there were no adverse effects at 5000 mg/kg extract administration. Conclusion: Kenyan Grewia tenax root extract has phytochemicals postulated to enhance fertility and is orally safe. These findings may require further verification using in vivo studies.

Download Full-text

Bronchodilating Activity of Formulated Syrup of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae) Root Extract in Albino Rats

UIC Research Journal ◽

10.17158/335 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Kathleen G. Bersabal ◽

Angeli B. Alaza ◽

Charlotte Grace D. De Claro ◽

Bianca Karla P. Licatan

Keyword(s):

Leukocyte Count ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Root Extract ◽

Acute Oral Toxicity ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Histopathologic Evaluation ◽

Dose Levels

<p>Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) root extract, with a bronchodilating agent, is traditionally used for treating asthma. To provide a scientific basis for such claim, this study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the formulated syrup of such extract by determining its acute oral toxicity level, approximate effective dose, the significant difference in the total leukocyte count (TLC), total eosinophil count (TEC) and histopathologic evaluation of lung tissue. Female Swiss mice were used to determine the toxicity at selected fixed dose levels of 5, 50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg. Approximate Effective Dose (AED) determination was conducted using female albino rats with a logarithmic increase by 0.6 intervals. Animals were administered with alumovalbumin and desired dose of root extract, respectively. Blood samples were collected for leukocyte and eosinophil counts. It was found that acute oral toxicity was at 2000mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg. AED has significant influence on TLC and TEC at dose levels of 15.85, 251.19, 1000 and 3981.07 mg/ kg. Analysis of Variance showed a significant difference in the mean of the decrease in the total leukocyte count due to the formulated syrup of root extract, Salbutamol (positive control) and plain syrup (negative control). Tukey’s multiple comparison tests, t-test and histopathologic evaluation on the group treated with Salbutamol and root extract formulation showed no significant difference on the TLC and TEC. Salbutamol was not significantly different from the formulated syrup. Hence, both treatments were effective as bronchodilating agents.</p>

Download Full-text

EVALUATION OF THE ACUTE AND SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES OF BARLERIA BUXIFOLIA LINN. IN ALBINO RATS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i4.40721 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 64-69

Author(s):

MANOHAR REDDY ◽

RAJA SUNDARARAJAN

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Treated Group ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Acute Oral Toxicity ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Subchronic Toxicity ◽

Methanol Extracts ◽

Toxicity Studies ◽

Acute Changes

Objective: The fundamental reason for this examination was to look at the acute and subchronic toxicity studies of chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria buxifolia Linn. (Acanthaceae) on creature models according to the OECD rules 407 and 425, respectively. Methods: In acute oral toxicity, study a single oral dosages of 5000 mg/kg body weight of chloroform and methanol extracts was given individually to rats and watched them for 2 weeks for the discovery of acute changes and for its mortality any. During acute oral toxicity study period, no mortality was seen without any signs of intense changes. Further, it was executed the subchronic toxicity of extracts. Barleria buxifolia extracts (chloroform and methanol) were independently given every day at dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight for 90 days to recognize the progressions any at subchronic poisonousness levels. Towards the finish of the experimentation the serum tests of trail creatures were gathered and watched for any progressions in haematological, biochemical and histopathological boundaries Results: All parameters of treated group were shown unaltered changes throughout the study period when compared with that of normal group. The outcomes propose that the oral organization of chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria buxifolia did not raise any huge poisonous impacts when contrasted with that of control animals. Conclusion: Hence, the extracts may be safe for therapeutic use and as an alternative system of medicine.

Download Full-text

Antidiarrhoeal Effects of Hydromethanolic Leaves Extract of Ipomea asarifolia in Albino Rat Model

Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jocamr/2019/v7i430106 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

A. N. Ukwuani-Kwaja ◽

I. L. Yakubu ◽

A. S. Mustapha ◽

B. Makun

Keyword(s):

Castor Oil ◽

Gastrointestinal Transit ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Acute Oral Toxicity ◽

Intestinal Fluid ◽

Fluid Accumulation ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Toxicity Studies

Aim: To evaluate the antidiarrhoea effect of hydromethanolic leave extract of I. asarifolia (HLEIA) on castor oil-induced diarrhea. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life sciences, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi state, Nigeria. P.M.B.1144. Kebbi State. Nigeria, between February 2015 and September 2016. Methodology: In a continuous effort to search for bioactive agents from medicinal plants, the antidiarrhoea activity of I. asarifolia was investigated. The effect of hydromethanolic leave extract of I. asarifolia (HLEIA) on castor oil-induced diarrhoea, gastrointestinal transit and intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) were assessed in albino rats. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard procedures while acute oral toxicity studies was determined using the staircase method. Results: The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, terpenoid, tannin, saponin, phenols. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 3000 mg/kg since there was no mortality recorded after 14 days of acute oral toxicity studies. Sub-chronic administration of graded doses (150 – 600 mg/kg) of HLEIA significantly (p<0.05) reduced diarrhoea episodes, decreased gastro intestinal movement and inhibited intestinal fluid accumulation compared to the control. The antidiarrhoea effect of treated group (600 mg/kg ) was comparable to that of the standard drug Loperamide. Conclusion: The findings of the present study scientifically validate the use of I. asarifolia in the treatment of diarrhoea.

Download Full-text

Acute and Sub-acute oral toxicity studies of Deedan-A Unani drug in Albino rats

Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science ◽

10.7324/japs.2015.50418 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 107-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Showkat Dar ◽

Khalid Ghazanfar ◽

Seema Akbar ◽

Akbar Masood ◽

Tazeen Nazir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Albino Rats ◽

Acute Oral Toxicity ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Studies

Download Full-text

Acute Toxicity Studies of Petroleum Ether, Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Nigella sativa

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research ◽

10.25004/ijpsdr.2017.090210 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Author(s):

C. Girish ◽

Y. Narsimha Reddy

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Single Dose ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Nigella Sativa ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Acute Oral Toxicity ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

General Behaviour ◽

Toxicity Studies

The purpose of the study was to test the acute oral toxicity of the different extracts of the plant Nigella sativa. Acute toxicity of petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous extracts of Nigella sativa was evaluated in Swiss mice. The acute toxicity studies were carried out based on OECD guidelines 423. The animals were administered orally with a single dose of 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000 mg/kg body weight of each extract. Signs of toxicity and mortality were noted after 1, 4 and 24h of administration of the extract for about 14 days. The highest dose administered (2000 mg/kg body weight) do not produce mortality or changes in general behaviour of the test animals. These results indicate the safety of the oral administration of petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous extracts of Nigella sativa.

Download Full-text

Investigation of antiulcer activity of Pergularia extensa Linn

International Journal of Research in Phytochemistry and Pharmacology ◽

10.26452/ijrpp.v9i2.1198 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 23-26

Author(s):

Pavani C H

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Glycosides ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Antiulcer Activity ◽

Acute Oral Toxicity ◽

Gastric Lesions ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Control Groups ◽

Dose Dependent

This study was based on determination of the antiulcer activity from methanol extract was prepared by using barks of pergularia extensa linn.. Priliminary investigations showed presence of saponins, terpenes, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids and sterols. Based on OECD-423 Guidelines, the pharmacology and acute oral toxicity studies were conducted by using methanolic extract. Ulcer development was prevented by Tannins because of their vasoconstriction effects and due to protein precipitation. Similarly, the Methanolic extract of Pergularia extensa Linn shows triterpenoids and saponins. The phytoconstituents are present in the extract and these could be possible agents which are involved in order to prevent gastric lesions induced by aspirin. When compared to ulcerative control groups, this Pergularia extensa Linn., shows a dose dependent curative ratio. The extracts exhibited an inhibition percentage of 27.18, 45.47 and 61.28 at doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg doses respectively.

Download Full-text

Acute and subacute toxicity assessment of Madhulai Manappagu (Siddha herbal syrup formulation) in animal model

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2020-0327 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Meenakshi Sundaram Malayappan ◽

Gayathri Natarajan ◽

Logamanian Mockaiyathevar ◽

Meenakumari Ramasamy

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Oral Route ◽

Toxicity Assessment ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Female Rats ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Gross Pathology ◽

Toxicity Studies

Abstract Objectives Madhulai Manappagu – a well-known sastric and widely prescribed Siddha herbal syrup formulation indicated for treating Veluppu Noi (Anaemia especially Iron deficiency Anaemia) has been in day today practice in Tamil Nadu for a quite longer decades. The syrup is a herbal preparation which has a sweet pleasant odour and a palatable taste, contain the juice of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) as the main ingredient. Though the formulation is a fruit juice, the safety profile of the syrup is not established and is being marketed without toxicological evaluation. The study is aimed at ascertaining the acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment of Madhulai Manappagu in Wistar Albino rats. Methods The acute and sub-acute (28day repeated oral) toxicity studies were performed as per the guidelines mentioned in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 423 (adopted on December 2001) and TG 407 (adopted on October 2008) with slight modifications respectively. For acute toxicity study, three female rats were randomly selected as control; three female rats were randomly selected and were administered a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight per oral route. For sub-acute (28day repeated oral) toxicity studies, three doses of test drug MM of 500 mg/kg/day (low dose), 750 mg/kg/day (intermittent dose) and 1,000 mg/kg/day (high dose) were selected for administration. Both sexes of Wistar Albino rats were randomized into four groups of 10 animals each (five males, five females). Group I was kept as control group. Group II, III and IV served as low, intermittent and high doses of MM respectively. Animals were observed for mortality, morbidity, body weight changes, feed and water intake. Haematology, clinical biochemistry, electrolytes, gross pathology, relative organ weight and histopathological examination were performed. Results In the acute toxicity study, rats showed no toxicological signs on behavior, gross pathology and body weight of rats when treated with a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight per oral route. In the subacute (28 days repeated oral) toxicity study, rats have showed no significant changes on behavior, gross pathology, body weight, and hematological and biochemical parameters when treated with Madhulai Manappagu in three different doses. Conclusions The toxicity studies which include both acute and 28 days repeated (subacute) oral toxicity studies, revealed no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Madhulai Manappagu in animals. Thus the safety of the drug in human usage was ensured.

Download Full-text