scholarly journals Carbapenemase Producers among Gram Negative Bacteria from Environmental and Clinical Samples in Makurdi, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
F. B. Omoregbe ◽  
O. E. Fagade
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Gram Negative

Carbapenem-resistant Gram negative bacteria in healthcare setting is an important medical problem and a major threat. These Gram negative bacteria are rapidly spreading worldwide. Clinical bacteria isolates were obtained from clinical samples Urine, High Vaginal Swab (HVS), Wound Swab (WS), Stools, Ear Swab (ES), Endocervical Swab (ECS), Sputum and Blood, from two tertiary hospitals. Environmental samples were also collected from both hospitals using standard sampling techniques. Multiple drug resistant (MDR) patterns were determined using disc diffusion technique. Biochemical tests were used in the identification. Antibiotics sensitivity of clinical and environmental isolates was verified using disc diffusion method. Detection of carbapenemase producing bacteria was done using double disc synergy test and modified Hodge test. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics. Clinical bacteria (403) obtained were distributed 271 Federal Medical Centre(FMC) and 132 Benue State University Teaching Hospital (BSUTH) out of which 299 were confirmed Gram negative, 218 (FMC) and 81 (BSUTH), respectively. Thirty-nine Gram negative bacteria were also isolated from the environmental samples. A higher percentage of carbapenemase producers (12.8%) were found in environmental isolates compared to 2.7% in clinical isolates. Any levels of resistance to carbapenems calls for the need to reduce the indiscriminate use of this group of antibiotics and monitoring both in the hospitals and environment.

scholarly journals Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Producers among Gram-negative Bacteria from Clinical and Environmental Sources in Two Tertiary Hospitals in Makurdi, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Florence Bose Omoregbe ◽  
Obasola Ezekiel Fagade
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases

Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) enzymes are produced by many Gram-negative bacteria to nearly all antibiotics. Clinical bacteria isolates were obtained from various clinical samples from the two healthcare facilities. Sewer wastewater and sediments were also collected from both hospitals using standard sampling techniques and bacteria isolated using pour plate technique. Multiple drug resistant patterns were determined using disc diffusion technique. Antibiotics sensitivity of the isolates was verified using disc diffusion method. Detection of ESBL producing bacteria was done using double disc synergy test. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics. Clinical bacteria (403) were obtained, out of which 299 were confirmed Gram-negative, 218 from Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and 81 from Benue State Teaching Hospital (BSUTH). Thirty-nine Gram-negative bacteria were also isolated from the environmental samples. The ESBL producers in clinical isolates were 69 (FMC) and 42 (BSUTH) while in environmental isolates they were eight and four respectively. Out of a total of 338 environmental and clinical isolates from the two hospitals, 216 shown resistance/intermediate resistance to Ceftazidime. Of these 216, 123(36.39%) were positive for ESBLs production.- space From FMC, ESBLs producing bacteria are highly sensitive to imipenem with sensitivity frequency of 62 while they were highly resistant to ceftazidime with a frequency of 52. Age groups 0-5 had the highest percentage distribution of 21.43% and 10.14% from BSUTH and FMC respectively. ESBLs producing bacteria showed multidrug resistance.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative isolates from outpatient clinical and environmental samples in the Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
Amir Ibrahimagić ◽  
Emina Idrizović ◽  
Edita Divjan ◽  
Biljana Klimenta
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Introduction: Infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates in patients are hard to treat and cause high morbidity and mortality. ESBL-producing bacteria have been increasingly detected in environmental samples in different countries since 2002, and have gained considerable attention worldwide.Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility of all isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method. The production of ESBLs was determined by the double-disk synergy test.Results: Among the outpatient clinical samples, out of 2857 Gram-negative bacteria, 184 (6.5%) ESBL-producing bacteria were isolated. In this group, 143 (77.7%) were from urine samples, 26 (14.1%) from surgical wounds, 6 (3.3%) from umbilical swabs, and 9 (4.9%) from other patients sites (upper respiratory tract, cannula, eyes, genital swabs). Escherichia coli was isolated in 62 (33.7%), and Klebsiella spp. in 50 (27.8%) cases. Among the environmental samples, out of 381 Gram-negative bacteria, 52 (13.6%) were ESBL-producing isolates. In this group, 37 (71.2%) were sampled from water, 7 (13.5%) from food, and 8 (15.4%) from environmental surfaces. The most prevalent ESBL-producing bacteria isolated from the environmental samples were E. coli (isolated from 26 samples), Klebsiella spp. (10), non-fermenters (9), and other bacteria isolated from 7 samples. The clinical outpatient ESBL-producing isolates showed resistance to all cephalosporins, ranging from 25% (cefepime) to 100% (cefuroxime). The environmental ESBL-producing isolates showed resistance to cefuroxime, aztreonam, cefpodoxime, amoxicillin/clavulanate, and cefoxitin in the range of 65-100%.Conclusions: Prevalence of antibiotic resistance of ESBL-producing strains is high and requires routine detection of ESBL-producing isolates in the laboratories, designing of appropriate antibiotic prescribing policies and control of the risk factors.

In-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Shorea robusta Gaertn. F. Resin

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Sushma Vashisht ◽  
Manish Pal Singh ◽  
Viney Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Shorea Robusta ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Resin Extract

The methanolic extract of the resin of Shorea robusta was subjected to investigate its antioxidant and antibacterial properties its utility in free radical mediated diseases including diabetic, cardiovascular, cancer etc. The methanol extract of the resin was tested for antioxidant activity using scavenging activity of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) radical method, reducing power by FeCl3 and antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria using disc diffusion method. The phytochemical screening considered the presence of triterpenoids, tannins and flavoniods. Overall, the plant extract is a source of natural antioxidants which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various oxidative stress mediated diseases including aging. The half inhibition concentration (IC50) of resin extract of Shorea robusta and ascorbic acid were 35.60 µg/ml and 31.91 µg/ml respectively. The resin extract exhibit a significant dose dependent inhibition of DPPH activity. Antibacterial activity was observed against gram positive and gram negative bacteria in dose dependent manner.Key Words: Shorea robusta, antioxidant, antibacterial, Disc-diffusion, DPPH.

scholarly journals “ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LACTOSE AND NON- LACTOSE FERMENTING BACTERIA FROM TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST”

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Kumud Bala ◽  
Ridhima Wadhwa ◽  
Rachana Bohra
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Fermenting Bacteria ◽  
Vitek 2

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to identify the fermenting and non-fermenting gram negative bacteria from the tertiary care hospital.Methods: The conventional method of identification by biochemical analysis and antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Furthermore, analysis of microbes was done by Vitek-2.Results: 424strains of lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli were isolated from 3097 clinical samples. From the total lactose fermenting bacteria Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate accounting for 50.94% specimens, followed by Klebsiella pneumonia 27.59% and Enterobacter 0.47%. From the total non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli Acinetobacter baumannii was the predominant isolate accounting for 12.73% specimens followed by Pseudomonas aeroginosa 6.13%, other isolates were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1.17% , Burkholderia cepacia 0.94%. In the present study male were more infected than female. The study also showed that lactose fermenting bacteria were more infectious than non lactose-fermenting bacteria and isolates were from urine samples.Conclusion: Both Non-Lactose Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli and Lactose Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli were found to be major contaminants, and are important pathogenic bacteria causing wide range of infections in the tertiary care hospital.Keywords: Lactose fermenting gram negative bacteria, Vitek-2, Tertiary Care Hospital, Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion, Lactose non-fermenting gram negative bacteria  

scholarly journals A Study on Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
M Iqbal Hossain ◽  
M Anwar Habib ◽  
Nazimuddin Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Quasi Experimental

This quasi experimental study was designed to evaluate antibacterial activity of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from silver nitrate (AgNO3) solutions on gram negative bacteria like E.Coli using disc diffusion method. Different concentrations of AgNPs, AgNO3 and reference drug ciprofloxacin were used to find out the antibacterial activity which revealed that AgNPs possessed significant antibacterial effect compared to AgNO3 solutions but relatively less antibacterial effect than that of ciprofloxacin. So chemical synthesis guided AgNPs may have some antibacterial effects.TAJ 2016; 29(2): 37-41

scholarly journals Synthesis and Antimicrobial Assessment of Fe3+ Inclusion Complex of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene Diamide Derivative

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Ali Chandio ◽  
Ayaz Ali Memon ◽  
Shahabuddin Memon ◽  
Fakhar N. Memon ◽  
Qadeer Khan Panhwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mueller Hinton ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Present study deals with the synthesis of the p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene diamide derivative as ligand (L) and its Fe3+ complex, followed by its characterization using TLC and FT-IR, while UV-Vis and Job’s plot study were performed for complex formation. Antimicrobial activity of the derivative (L) and its metal complex was carried out by the disc diffusion method against bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus) and fungi (R. stolonifer). Different concentrations of the derivative (L) (6, 3, 1.5, 0.75, and 0.37 μg/mL) and its Fe3+ complex were prepared, and Mueller–Hinton agar was used as the medium for the growth of microorganisms. Six successive dilutions of the derivative (L) and Fe3+ complex were used against microorganisms. Two successive dilutions (6 and 3 μg/mL) of the derivative (L) showed antibacterial action against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, three successive dilutions (6, 3, and 1.5 μg/mL) of the derivative (L) showed antifungal activity. However, all of six dilutions of the Fe3+ complex showed antimicrobial activity. Derivative (L) showed 3 and 1.5 μg/mL minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against bacteria and fungi, respectively. On the contrary, its Fe3+ complex showed 0.37 μg/mL value of MIC against bacteria and fungi. Hence, Fe3+ complex of the derivative (L) was found to be a more effective antimicrobial agent against selected bacteria and fungi than the diamide derivative (L).

scholarly journals New Diarylheptanoid from Garuga pinnata Roxb

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mst Taslima Khatun ◽  
M. Mahboob Ali Siddiqi ◽  
Al-Mansur MA ◽  
MH Sohrab ◽  
AFM Mustafizur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

9´-Desmethylgaruganin I has been isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the stem bark of Garuga pinnata Roxb. The crude extract was screened for antimicrobial activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi by disc diffusion method and cytotoxicity by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The dichloromethane extract showed moderate inhibitory activity to microbial growth and weak cytotoxicity having LC90 25.703?g-mL–1 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v61i2.17058 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 61(2): 131-134, 2013 (July)

scholarly journals Gölbaşı ve Azaplı Göllerinden (Adıyaman) İzole Edilen Bakterilerin Tiplendirilmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençliliklerinin Araştırılması

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Fikret Büyükkaya Kayış ◽  
Sadık Dinçer ◽  
Fatih Matyar ◽  
Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı ◽  
Melis Sümengen Özdenefe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative

Identification and multiple antibiotic resistances of amphicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline resistant gram-negative bacteria that isolated microorganisms from Gölbaşı and Azaplı lakes (Adiyaman) were investigated in this study. Seasonally taken isolates of totally 386 bacteria in 10 different species from 7 genera were scanned against 16 antibiotics [gentamycin, imipenem, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, meropenem, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefpirome, ceftizoxime, cefuroxime, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (Bioanalyse)] by using the disc diffusion method to determine the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance. Multiple antibiotic resistance of stations showed seasonal changes between 0.29 and 0.91. In generally, multiple antibiotic resistance in Golbasi and Azapli lakes were higher than the reference value and highest multiple antibiotic resistance values were obtained at summer season (3th period). When the obtained data are considered, high multiple antibiotic resistance poses a risk in terms of public health and for economically important animals.

Occurrence of Multiple-Drug Resistance bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in burn infections from southwest of Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hashemzadeh ◽  
Reza Heydari ◽  
Aram Asareh Zadegan Dezfuli ◽  
Morteza Saki ◽  
Hossein Meghdadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Maximum Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Abstract Background Burn infection continues to be a major issue of concern globally and causes more harm to developing countries. This study aimed to identify the aerobic bacteriological profiles and antimicrobial resistance patterns of burn infections in three hospitals in Abadan, southwest Iran. Methods The cultures of various clinical samples obtained from 325 burn patients were investigated from January to December 2019. All bacterial isolates were identified based on the standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed according to the CLSI. Results A total of 287 bacterial species were isolated burn patients.P. aeruginosa was the most frequent bacterial isolate in Gram-negative bacteria and S. epidermidis was the most frequent species isolated in Gram-positive bacteria. The maximum resistance was found to ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, while in Gram-negative bacteria, the maximum resistance was found to imipenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and amikacin. The occurrence of multidrug resistance phenotype was as follows: P. aeruginosa (30.3 %), Enterobacter spp (11.1 %), Escherichia coli (10.5 %), Citrobacter spp (2.1 %), S. epidermidis (2.8 %), S. aureus, and S. saprophyticus (0.7 %). Conclusion Owing to the diverse range of bacteria that because burn wound infection, regular investigation, and diagnosis of common bacteria and their resistance patterns is recommended to determine the proper antibiotic regimen for appropriate therapy.

scholarly journals Phenotypic characterization of beta-lactamases producing Gram-negative bacteria in a tertiary hospital, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Elina Maharjan ◽  
Pooja Shakya ◽  
Balkrishna Bhattachan ◽  
Bharat Prasad Baral ◽  
Dhiraj Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Disk Method ◽  
Esbl Producers

Infections caused by beta-lactamases producing Gram-negative bacteria are increasing, thus posing a challenge to the management of such infections. The surveillance data of such bacteria is limited in Nepal so this study aimed to detect the beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria in a tertiary setting. A total of 604 clinical samples, including urine, blood, sputum and body fluids, were cultured and identified by the routine standard laboratory protocols. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines (2014). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producers were identified by combined disk method and metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) producers were identified by Imipenem- EDTA combined disk method. Out of 604 samples, 282 (46.7%) samples showed significant growth, of which 229 (81.2%) were Gram-negative bacteria. Of 229 Gram-negative bacteria, 200 (87.3%) were multidrug resistant, 67 (29.3%) were ESBL producers and 16 (7.0%) were MBL producers. Klebsiella pneumoniae were among higher ESBL producers and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were among higher MBL producers. The findings suggest higher antibacterial resistance among Gram-negative bacteria with the added burden of beta-lactamase production. Imipenem was effective against 125 of 229 Gram-negative bacteria tested. Thus, imipenem can be the drug of choice for empirical management. The higher multidrug resistance and higher beta-lactamases production among Gram-negative bacteria warrant the continuous monitoring, surveillance, early detection, and infection control practices of such bacteria

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