scholarly journals Effect of Cyclophosphamide and Its Combination with Metformin on the Survival Rate in Mice

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Alhowail ◽  
Sultan Sajid ◽  
Yasser Almogbel ◽  
S. I. Rabbani ◽  
Mansour Alsharidah
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Combination Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Daily Dose

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CYP), an alkylating chemotherapeutic agent, is widely used to treat several types of cancer. Its toxic effects are well-established and include hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and bone marrow suppression. Metformin (MET) is an anti-diabetic medication that is considered a first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of co-administration of MET on CYP-induced toxicity by recording the survival rate in mice. Methods: Fifty mice (body weight 30–35 gm) were divided into four groups as control and treatments and comprised of 12-13 animals of either sex. The animals in the control group received 4 doses of saline by injection. The animals in the CYP group received 4 doses of CYP (100 mg/kg) (intraperitoneal). The animals in the MET group received lower daily dose (30 mg/kg) in drinking water (3 mg/ml), starting 3 days prior to CYP injection and lasting until the final injection of CYP. The animals in the combination group (CYP and MET) received 4 doses of CYP (100 mg/kg) and a daily dose of MET in drinking water (3 mg/ml). The animals were observed daily to record the mortality and their body weights were recorded every alternate day. The data obtained from the study was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The data obtained from the study indicated that CYP administration increased the rate of mortality significantly (p < 0.01) when compared to the control animals, while MET reduced the rate. When the combination of CYP and MET was tested, the mortality rate was found to be increased. Both CYP and MET significantly reduced the body weight compared to the control animals. Conclusion: The results indicated that the combination of CYP and MET reduced the survival rate of animals, suggesting that although MET possesses anti-proliferative action, it has the potential to increase the toxic effects of CYP when combined with CYP.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON BODY WEIGHT AND HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN BROILERS

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Kamruzzaman ◽  
SML Kabir ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
MW IslaM ◽  
MA Reza
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group A

The study was carried out to know the effects of probiotics (Proetxin® Boost, Novartis Bangladesh Ltd.) and antibiotic (oxytetracycline-Renamycin®, Renata Animal Health) on growth performances and haemato-biochemical parameters of "Shaver Star Bro" broiler chickens during September and October 2003. A total of 20, day old broilers were randomly selected and assigned into four equal groups n = 5) as A, B, C and D. Group A was considered as control group fed with commercial ration while groups B, C and D were fed with commercial ration with the addition of 200 mg probiotics / liter drinking water, 100 mg probiotics and 50 mg antibiotic (oxytetracycline- Renamycin®) / liter drinking water and 100 mg antibiotic (oxytetracycline- Renamycin®) / liter drinking water respectively up to 35 days of age. The results showed that the body weight gains differed significantly (p < 0.05) at the 2nd, 4th and 5th weeks of age in different treatment groups. The meat yield not differed significantly (p > 0.05). The drumstick, wing differed significantly (p < 0.01) and spleen weight differed at p < 0.05 among different groups. The mean haemato-biochemical values of Hb, ESR, PCV, heterophil, eosinophil, basophil, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, SGPT and SGOT were differed significantly (p < 0.01) in different groups. The present findings suggest that supplementation of probiotics has significant effect on growth performance and certain haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler chickens as compared to antibiotic supplementation.

Xiaoyaosan Produces Antidepressant Effects in Rats via the JNK Signaling Pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Bo Zhao ◽  
You-Ming Jiang ◽  
Ya-Jing Hou ◽  
Zhi-Yi Yan ◽  
Yue-Yun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Jnk Signaling ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Jnk Signaling Pathway

Background: Xiaoyaosan (XYS) has achieved definite curative effects in clinic. However, the mechanism is not clear. Previous studies of our team indicated XYS improved anxiety-like behaviors through inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway of hippocampus. Objectives: In the study, we explored whether the JNK signaling pathway is involved in the mechanism of XYS treating depression. Method: Forty-eight rats were divided randomly into 4 groups (n = 12): the control group (deionized water, p.o.), the model group (deionized water, p.o.), the fluoxetine group (2.08 mg/kg/day, p.o.), and the XYS group (3.9 g/kg/day, p.o.). All rats except for the control group were given continuous 21 days of chronic immobilization stress (CIS; 3 h/day). On day 29, the body weights and the behavioral tests, including the novelty suppressed feeding test, the open field test, and the elevated plus maze test, were measured. On day 30, all the rats were sacrificed, and three indices of the JNK signaling pathway were tested by Western blot. Results: The body weight and behavioral tests of all groups indicated that 21 days of CIS induced depression-like behaviors. After 21 days of treatment with fluoxetine and XYS, changes were seen in body weight, behaviors, and JNK, phosphorylated JNK (P-JNK), and phosphorylated c-Jun (P-c-Jun) levels in the hippocampus. Conclusions: XYS ameliorated the depression-like behaviors, potentially through affecting the JNK signaling pathway in the hippocampus.

scholarly journals The Effect of Low Dose of Cadmium on Growth, Reproduction and Chicken Viability

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
E. Marettová ◽  
M. Maretta
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Shell Weight

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is considered to be a highly polluting heavy metal with toxic effects on health and reproduction. In this study, the effects of low dose cadmium on growth, reproductive properties, and egg properties were studied. Cadmium as cadmium chloride (CdCl2) at a dose of 3 mg Cd.kg−1 was added as a feed supplement. The following parameters were evaluated: body weight, egg production, fertility, hatching, embryo and chick mortality, and egg quality characteristics. After 2 months of exposure to low doses of cadmium, the body weight increased in the cocks and did not change in the laying hens. Egg production was not affected, while fertility increased. The values of egg weight and hardness, thickness and shell weight were significantly higher (P < 0.05). The embryo mortality in the experimental group was lower (6.5 % vs. 12.8 %) compared to the control group. The hatching was significantly higher (P < 0.05) and the loss in 7 day old chickens was similar to that in the control group. Although the toxic effects of cadmium on reproduction and accumulation in poultry bodies have been generally described, low-doses of cadmium given to adult hens and cocks has improved the reproductive parameters and qualitative properties of laying hen eggs. The results related to the reproduction and quality of eggs obtained in this study have the characteristics of the hormetic effects of low cadmium uptake.

scholarly journals Influence of selected feed supplements on the growth and health of calves depending on the sex, season of birth, and number of the dam’s lactations

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
Luboš Zábranský ◽  
Miloslav Šoch ◽  
Jan Brouček ◽  
Pavel Novák ◽  
Petr Tejml ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Brown Seaweed ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Season Of Birth ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Feed Supplements

The aim of this study was to prove the hypothesis that the growth and health of calves are dependent on feed supplements with an antidiarrhoeic effect, in relation to sex, season of birth, and number of the dam’s lactations. A total of 186 calves were included in the experiment. After birth the calves were divided into three treatment groups:Ascophyllum nodosum(brown seaweed hydrolyzate, prebiotics),Lactobacillus sporogenes(probiotics), and the control group. All calves were weighed within two h after birth. The growth and health were investigated from the birth to the fourth week of age. Compared to the control, a significant effect of applied feed supplements was found in theLactobacillus sporogenesgroup in the body weight at 28 days of life (P< 0.01) and in the average daily gains (P< 0.001). Differences between sexes were found in the body weight at birth (P< 0.001) and in the body weight at 28 days of life (P< 0.01). The effect of the season of birth was recorded in the average daily gains (P< 0.01). The effect of the number of the dam’s lactations on calf was proved in body weights at birth and 28 days of life (P< 0.01). The interaction between treatment and sex (P< 0.05), and between treatment and season of birth (P< 0.01) were calculated in the average daily gains. We concluded from the analysis that only the use ofLactobacillus sporogeneshad a positive influence on increasing the growth. Neither of the two supplements had a positive impact on the health of calves.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF CADMDIUM LOAD ON THE LEVEL OF VITAMINS A AND E IN BLOOD OF LAYING HENS

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
A. Y. Ostapyuk ◽  
B. V. Gutyj
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
Cadmium Sulfate ◽  
Experimental Group

Cadmium – a heavy metal, classified as a second class of danger, has a pronounced tendency to accumulate in the body. Absorbed cadmium accumulates in the liver as a complex with metallothionein. The aim of the study was to study the effect of Cadmium on the level of vitamins A and E in the blood of laying hens. For research, three groups of poultry were formed: control and two experimental. The control group chickens were on a regular diet, fed with compound feed and drinking water without cadmium sulfate. To drinking water of chickens of experimental groups for 30 days was added cadmium sulfate in doses: the first group – 2 mg/kg, the second group – 4 mg/kg of body weight. The keeping conditions of the chickens and the indoor microclimate parameters for all groups of birds were similar. After cadmium loading at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight, the level of vitamin A in the blood of chickens has probably decreased since the 14th day of the experiment. It was the lowest at 21 days of experience. When drinking cadmium sulfate at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight decreased levels of vitamin A by 4 and 21 days of the experiment, respectively, by 24 and 40% compared with the control group of chickens. When examining the level of vitamin E in the blood of laying hens under cadmium loading, it was found that in the second experimental group of chickens the level of this vitamin was significantly lower than in the control and the first experimental group of chickens. When compared with the control group of chickens, it was found that on the 14th day of the experiment, the level of vitamin E was lower in the first experimental group by 12% and in the second – by 27%, respectively. At day 21 of the experiment, the level of vitamin E was the lowest in the second experimental group, where it was 0.70 ± 0.011 µg/ml, respectively, which is 44% lower than the control. A significant decrease in the content of vitamins A and E indicates not only the pathological condition of the liver, but also the enhancement of oxidation processes associated with a decrease in the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system. Cadmium compounds have high biological activity, they easily form complex compounds with proteins, nucleic acids, which inactivate a number of enzymes.

Development and phenotypic variability of genetically identical half mouse embryos

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.E. Papaioannou ◽  
J. Mkandawire ◽  
J.D. Biggers
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Body Weights

The growth and development of three groups of genetically identical F1 C57BL/6J female × SJL/J male mice were compared to examine whether embryo manipulation affects subsequent postnatal growth and development of mammalian embryos: (1) controls—the natural offspring of timed matings, (2) transferred controls—offspring from 2-cell embryos transferred to recipients 1 day asynchronous, and (3) transferred half embryos—offspring developing from one blastomere from the 2-cell stage transferred to recipients 1 day asynchronous. The recipients were C57BL/6J females. No differences were found in the age at eye opening and vaginal opening. At 5 days after birth the median body weights of the controls were lower than the weights of the transferred groups. This result could be explained by the larger litter size in the control group. The overall variances of the body weights did not differ between the groups. By the second week after birth a marked increase in overall variances of body weights of the transferred groups, compared with the control group, was observed. At 5 days after birth, the median tail lengths did not differ between groups, and overall variances were the same. By the second week, the overall variances of the tail lengths of the transferred groups were significantly greater than that of the control group. Possibly the increased overall variances of the body weight and the tail length of the transferred groups are related to the smaller litter size in these groups which affects competition for food and the ambient temperature in the nest. The overall results suggest newborn mice that have developed from half embryos have compensated for their initial deficiency. The intraclass correlation coefficients for body weight and tail length are approximately the same in all groups. Thus, producing artificial identical twins by embryo bisection may not affect their potential usefulness in the design of experiments.

scholarly journals Study the Immunomodulatory effects of Beta - Glucan in broiler chickens

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (0E) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Nidhal Raoof Mahdi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immunomodulating Activity ◽  
Beta Glucan

This study was carried out to investigate the immunomodulating activity of β-glucanwhich extracted from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.β-glucan of 225µg/ml wassupplemented in drinking water of broiler chicken vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus(NDV) vaccine. The parameters of the immunomodulating activity employed were the bodyweight, Phagocytic activity and determination of antibody titer to NDV vaccine. Chicks oneday old (120), were divided into four equal groups, G1 treated with β-glucan for six weeksand vaccinated with NDV vaccine; G2 treated with β-glucan for three weeks and vaccinatedwith NDV vaccine; G3 not given β-glucan but vaccinated with NDV vaccine (control group);while G4 was not treated with β-glucan and not vaccinated with NDV vaccine (secondcontrol). The results of the body weight indicated that; there were significant differences (P<0.05) between treated groups (G1 and G2) compared to the control groups (G3 and G4) at21,28 and 35 day of age. The results of phagocytic activity showed that treated group hadsignificantly (P< 0.05) higher clearance of carbon particles from blood circulation than did thecontrol groups; and the antibody titer to NDV showed significant differences (P<0.05)between treated and non treated groups at 14d and 28d. The data presented in this studycontribute for the first time in Iraq; that β –glucan given via drinking water to chicks from dayone for 35 days improves the immune responses and body weight.

scholarly journals Magnesium supplements affect selected cadmium toxic actions and uptake of repeated doses of cadmium

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Grosicki ◽  
Paweł Małagocki ◽  
Anna Kycko ◽  
Jerzy Monkiewicz ◽  
Waldemar Korol
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Repeated Doses ◽  
Higher Doses

Abstract The importance of magnesium supplements on organ retention of cadmium and allometric parameters after repeated exposure to cadmium chloride were studied in male Wistar rats. Magnesium chloride was given via drinking water (500 mg Mg/L) to rats exposed intragastrically to cadmium chloride (labelled with cadmium 109) at a daily dose corresponding to 25 mg/kg diet for 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. Supplements of magnesium temporarily decreased cadmium retention in the duodenum and liver. No significant differences in cadmium retention were evidenced in the kidneys and testicles. The supplements of magnesium also retain more of the body weight gains and restore the relative liver and testicle weight in rats intoxicated with cadmium. Comparison of the present results with earlier reports suggests a relationship between doses of magnesium and cadmium; higher doses of cadmium need more magnesium to overcome toxic action of the heavy metal.

scholarly journals Evaluation of locally produced caecal coccidiosis vaccine in male Faobro breeders

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Atheer K. Kasab ◽  
Furkan S. Khadhim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Caecal Content ◽  
Spray Method ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Protection Ratio

Mature oocysts of Eimeria tenella have been attenuated by Gemma irradiation 200 and 300 gray. Excystation of occysts were examined. The immunoeffeciency of irradiated oocysts were studied in broiler that vaccinated with 5x10° attenuated oocyst per chick. A total of 1500 day-old Faobro chicks were divided into 6 groups and were treated as follows: Group C: un vaccinated control. Group WF: Given the vaccine in the feed.  Group DW: Given the vaccine in drinking water. Group CI: Given the vaccine in the crop. Group SP: Given the as a coarse spray. Group CIT: Given the attenuated vaccine in the crop (300 Gray) at day old and (200 Gray) at 14 days of age.  The groups were challenged at 40 days of age with 5x104 viable oocysts of Eimeria tenella per chick. The clinical sings were recorded, the body weight was taken weekly, lesion score, packed cell volume, litter moisture, oocyst count in the litter and oocyst count in the caecal content were determined one week after vaccination, one day before challenge and one week after challenge. The protection ratio and mortality rate were estimated. Results revealed that attenuated oocysts have lost its pathogenicity, no clear clinical sings after vaccination has been recorded, but some chicks of all vaccinated groups show a slight bloody excretion. Some groups given significant increase in body weight in  comparison with the control before and after challenge. The protection ratio was 93.5% for WF, 88.8% for DW, 98.3% for CI, 93.1% for SP and 82.2% for  The mortality rate was significantly higher in the control than the CIT group. vaccinated groups, the CIT group recorded mortality that was 2.9% the CI and SP recorded 0% and the C group recorded 10%  It was concluded that vaccination with all the methods used in this experiment provided good protection against challenge. The spray method was recommended best, then the drinking water and then with feed method.

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