Effect of Use of Antifungal (Clotrimazole) Drug in Reducing the Number of Colonies of Candida albicans and Its Correlation with Clinical Candidiasis in the Patients Undergoing Progressive Radiotherapy for the Cervicofacial Region

Aims: To evaluate the effect of topical antifungal Clotrimazole on candida colonies and its correlation with clinical candidiasis in patients undergoing radiotherapy. Study Design: Randomised Clinical Trial Place and Duration of Study: Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Cancer Institute, Nagpur between June 2020 and July 2021. Methodology: 64 patients (52 males and 12 females) undergoing Co60 teletherapy for cervicofacial malignancies were randomly divided in two groups. 32 patients referred to as study group were put on antifungal treatment (1% Clotrimazole) for topical application and other group was the control group and was not given antifungal medication. During the radiotherapy and 6 weeks after the completion of radiotherapy, patients were examined every week for possible oral changes for clinical candidiasis, and swabs were taken at every end of the week for determining candidal colonies. Results: The overall incidence of clinical oral candidiasis was 46.9% throughout RT in the control group and there was no incidence of clinical candidiasis in the study group. Patients with clinical candidiasis 6-week post-radiation therapy showed continuous symptoms of clinical candidiasis but with the reduction in candidal colonies.22% of patients were oral carriers for candidal colonies. Also, the study group showed not a single patient with clinical candidiasis. Conclusion: During radiotherapy, although with the use of clotrimazole some patients with negative culture may also become positive for Candida albicans and there may be some increase in the several colonies of Candida albicans (very less in number as compared to the control group), but its use prevents the development of clinical candidiasis. Antifungal prophylaxis is useful in combating clinical candidiasis.

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Efek Proteksi Ekstrak Etanol Stichopus hermanii Terhadap Jumlah Limfosit pada Tikus yang Terpapar Asap Rokok dan Diinduksi Candida albicans

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v9i2.12 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 146

Author(s):

Auliasari Yunanda ◽

Syamsulina Revianti ◽

Isidora Karsini

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Control Group ◽

Post Test

Latar Belakang: Merokok berhubungan dengan jamur rongga mulut yang dapat mengakibatkan oral candidiasis. Stichopus hermanii mengandung efek antioksidan, antifungi dan immunostimulator. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi efek proteksi ekstrak Stichopus hermanii terhadap jumlah limfosit pada tikus Wistar yang terpapar asap rokok dan diinduksi C.albicans. Bahan dan Metode: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah post test-only control group design. 42 ekor tikus Wistar jantan, dibagi menjadi 7 kelompok, Kelompok1 (saline 0,1mL, udara segar, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok2 (saline 0,1mL, asap rokok, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok3 (C.albicans 0,1mL, udara segar, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok4 (C.albicans 0,1mL, asap rokok, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok5 (saline 0,1mL, asap rokok, ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 0,02mg/kgBB), Kelompok6 (C.albicans 0,1mL, udara segar, ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 0,02mg/kgBB), Kelompok7 (C.albicans 0,1 mL, asap rokok, ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 0,02mg/kgBB). Tikus Wistar diinduksi C.albicans 1 minggu, terpapar asap rokok 8 minggu, dan diberi ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 8 minggu. Selanjutnya, tikus Wistar dikorbankan setelah 2 bulan perlakuan. Jumlah limfosit dihitung melalui metode hapusan darah dengan different counting dibawah mikroskop cahaya dengan pembesaran 1000x. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Kelompok yang terpapar asap rokok dan diinduksi C.albicans memiliki dapat menurunkan jumlah limfosit, kelompok suplementasi menggunakan ekstrak ethanol Stichopus hermanii dapat meningkatkan jumlah limfosit. Simpulan: Suplementasi ekstrak Stichopus hermanii memiliki efek protektif untuk memicu proliferasi limfosit pada tikus Wistar setelah paparan asap rokok dan induksi C.albicans.

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A Comparative Study to verify the Efficacy of Preoperative Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Control of Tonsillectomy Bleeding

Otorhinolaryngology Clinics - An International Journal ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10003-1219 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 22-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

KB Prashanth ◽

S Abhilash

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Tranexamic Acid ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Intravenous Dose ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Study Group ◽

Not Given ◽

Single Intravenous Dose ◽

Group I

ABSTRACT Objectives This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the drug tranexamic acid administered preoperatively in controlling the bleeding during tonsillectomy intraoperatively. Materials and methods A total of 50 patients who underwent tonsillectomy were randomized into two groups. Group I (study group): Intravenous tranexamic acid was given with dose of 10 mg/kg. Group II (control group): Tranexamic acid injection was not given. Intraoperative amount of bleeding was assessed in each case. Results The study group had significant reduction in bleeding and the p-value was <0.05, which was statistically significant, when compared to control group. There were no side effects of the drug observed. Conclusion Single intravenous dose of tranexamic acid at a dose of 10 mg/kg preoperatively is effective in control of tonsillectomy bleeding. How to cite this article Santosh UP, Prashanth KB, Abhilash S. A Comparative Study to verify the Efficacy of Preoperative Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Control of Tonsillectomy Bleeding. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2016;8(1):22-25.

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PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK METHANOL DAUN Acanthus ilicifolius TOPIKAL TERHADAP JUMLAH MAKROFAG PADA PENYEMBUHAN MODEL ORAL CANDIDIASIS DENGAN KONDISI IMUNOSUPRESI

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v13i1.182 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dwi Andriani ◽

Diana Soesilo ◽

Ghora Setyawan

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Corticosteroid Drugs ◽

Anti Fungal

Background: Corticosteroid has a strong anti-inflammatory effect, unfortunately long-term usege of corticosteroid drugs can suppressed immune system. This condition makes Candida albicans as an opportunistic phatogen caused Oral Candidiasis. Macrophages have an important role in the first defense against infection. Methanol extract of A.ilicifolius leaf has anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory compounds to fight the growth of Candida albicans. Purpose: To determine the effect of methanol extract of A.ilicifolius leaf theraphy to the amount of macrophages in the healing pricess of oral candidiasis models with immunosuppressed conditions. Method: This study was true experimental with post test only control group design. Thirty-six strain wistar, 3 months old, and 250 grams of weight which were given dexamethason 0.5 mg and tetracycline 0.5mg for 7days, after Candida albican(ATCC10231) was induced for 2 weeks (3 times/week). Rats were divided into 6 groups: untreated(K-), nystatin(K+), A.ilicifolius 8%(P1), A.ilicifolius 12%(P2), A.ilicifolius 16%(P3), A.ilicifolius 20%(P4 ) all groups were treated for 2 weeks. After being treated, the rats tongue biopsied to examine the macrophages with Haematoxylin-eosin staining and observed with microscope (400x magnification). Data analyzed statistically by One-way ANOVA. Results: the amount of macrophages at K+(47.60±4.16), P4(40.20±3.56), P3(36.20±1.92), P2(17.00±2.45) were greater than K-(15.60±4.56), P1(14.60±2.70). there are no significant difference between group K- with P1 and P2, P3 with P4. There are significant difference between group K- with K+, K- with P3 and P4. K+ with P1, P2, P3 and P4. Group P1 with P3 and P4. Group P2 with P3 and P4. Conclusion: A.ilicifolius extract can increase the amount of macrophages in oral candidiasis immunosuppression models

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Identification of Candida spp. in the oral cavity in patients with malignant diseases

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp151125295g ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 74 (11) ◽

pp. 1066-1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Irena Glazar ◽

Jelena Prpic ◽

Miranda Muhvic-Urek ◽

Sonja Pezelj-Ribaric

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Control Group ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Malignant Diseases ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Candida Kefyr

Background/Aim. Oral candidiasis frequently causes discomfort in patients treated for malignant diseases, acting as well as a potential source of systemic infection. This disease may present itself through different clinical manifestations of both acute or chronic type. The aim of this study was to identify different Candida species from oral cavities of patients suffering from malignant diseases. Methods. Thirty patients admitted to the hospital for diagnostics/treatment of malignant diseases were included in this investigation. All subjects had visible changes of oral mucosa in the form of pseudomembranes and inflammation corresponding to oral candidiasis. Control group included 30 non-hospitalized patients diagnosed with candidiasis. Diagnosis of oral candidiasis was confirmed in all patients by microbiological analysis of tongue swabs. For microbiota identification, three different tests were used: germination test, fungal growth test on corn meal agar, and biochemical identification with commercially available ID 32 C kit (bio-Merieux, Marcy-l?Etoile, France). Results. Out of 30 isolates collected from hospitalized patients, 90% was related to Candida albicans, 7% was identified as Candida kefyr, and 3% as Candida famata. In samples collected from non-hospitalized controls, we isolated Candida albicans in 90% of the cases, in 7% Candida kefyr, while in 3% we identified Candida glabrata. Conclusion. Based on this investigation, oral candidiasis in patients treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy is mainly caused by Candida albicans. It is to be expected that Candida albicans will remain the most significant causative agent of oral candidasis, although we must bear in mind the possibility of other pathogenic species.

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In vitro identification and Antifungal susceptibility of different Candida Species isolated from patients with or without Diabetes having Chronic Periodontitis

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health ◽

10.3126/ijosh.v4i1.12164 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 20-25

Author(s):

Deepti Chaurasia ◽

Mukesh Gupta ◽

Reena Kulshrestha ◽

Jayant Biswas ◽

Smita D Dutta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Herbal Extract ◽

Control Group ◽

Herbal Extracts ◽

Oral Rinse ◽

Candidal Species

Background: Candida albicans is the commonly associated species with oral lesions, but other Candida spp., such as C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. dubliniensis have also been isolated from the human saliva, even irrespective to the oral candidiasis. Candidal colonization has also been documented from subgingival plaque of adults with periodontitis.Objective: Nowadays there is a great demand of natural herbal medicines. For a Diabetic person having Periodontitis, the use antifungal drugs are must. Therefore the antifungal capacity of the commonly used drug and herbs has been evaluated.Methods: For the study, the patients were screened and categorised into two study and one control group, having 20 patients in each group, on the basis of their respective Blood Glucose level and Dental status using standard clinical parameters. Oral rinse of 60 patients including both gender were selected from the Out Patient Department of Periodontitis, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, Chhattisgarh. Chrome Candida Agar Media was used to identify Candida albicans and NAC. In vitro tests of the effectiveness of selected antimycotic agents against test candidal isolates recovered from the patient were performed to check the efficacy of the antifungal agents by the Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method.Result: We found that by the use of this chromogenic media most of the commonly recovered NAC can be easily distinguished as each species produced the widest range of colours and morphologies. The herbal extracts Aloe Vera and Garlic failed to inhibit the growth of the candidal species but Neem, Meetha Neem, Triphala, Tulsi showed sensitivity to varying degree. Now a day there are much popularity of using herbal products, having its extracts incorporated in the cosmetics and other products used by humans.Conclusion: We conducted the sensitivity check of the candidal isolates against the dental dentrifices and found that however all the toothpastes contained herbal extracts capable of destroying bacteria but it did not showed good results against candidal species except the Patanjali Toothpaste. This may be due the fact that Patanjali Dant Kanti Dental Cream has the combination of all the herbal extract mixed altogether. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v4i1.12164

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Effectivity of the Gold Sea Cucumber Supplementation (Stichopus hermanii) of Catalase Activity in Wistar Rat’s Submandibular with Oral Candidiasis

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v11i2.96 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

Ajeng Hanun Winny Khairina ◽

Syamsulina Revianti ◽

Nafi’ah Nafi’ah

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Catalase Activity ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽

Control Group ◽

Treatment Control ◽

Control Group Design

Background: Oral candidiasis is common opportunistic infection in oral cavity caused by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and it can develop to malignant such as a candida leukoplakia if it’s affected by cigarette smoke exposure. Purpose: To analysis the effectivity of Stichopus hermanii supplementation of catalase activity in Wistar rats submandibular with oral candidiasis. Materials and Methods: This study was post-test-only control group design, using 35 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups, Group1 is negative control, Group2 is positive control, Group3 is treatment control with Stichopus hermanii 0,0225 mg/g BB powder, Group4 is treatment control with Stichopus hermanii 0,045 mg/g BB powder) Group5 is treatment control with Stichopus hermanii 0,09 mg/kg BB powder). Oral candida infection was achieved by spray and cotton swab rolled over all parts of the mouth. After treatment, rats were euthanized and submandibular were biopsied to make histopathology slide for measure activity of enzim catalase with spectrophotometer λ 280 nm. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and Tukey LSD test. Results: There are significantly differences catalase activity between K1&K2, K2&K3, K4&K1, K2&K4, K2&K5. Conclusion: Suplementation of Stichopus hermanii effectiv of catalase activity in wistar rat’s submandibular with Candida albicans A infection. Keywords: Oral candidiasis, catalase activity, Stichopus hermanii, Candida albicans Correspondence: Syamsulina Revianti, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Hang Tuah, Arif Rahman Hakim 150 Surabaya, Telepon 031-5945864, 5912191, Email: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>

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Median Rhomboid Glossitis: A Clinical and Microbiological Study

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1698907 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 05 (04) ◽

pp. 367-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Mustafa Goregen ◽

Ozkan Miloglu ◽

Mustafa Cemil Buyukkurt ◽

Fatma Caglayan ◽

Ayse Esin Aktas

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

Age And Gender ◽

And Gender ◽

Mycological Examination ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRACTObjectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between median rhomboid glossitis (MRG) and Candida and bacteria species, prevalence and possible association with age, gender, smoking, denture wearing, and diabetes mellitus. Methods: Tongue examinations were performed on 4244 consecutive patients. Of all the examined patients, 30 diagnosed with MRG were selected as the study group and another 30 patients were selected as the control group, and these 2 groups were compared in terms of age and gender. Tongue cultures from these 60 patients were subjected to bacterial and mycological examinations. Results: MRG frequency was detected to be 0.7%. In mycological examination, Candida species were determined in 90.0% of the MRG patients and in 46.6% of the control group. This difference was statistically significant. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that diabetes mellitus and 20–39 years of age were significantly related to MRG. However, the association between MRG, gender, smoking, and 40–69 years of age was not statistically significant. Conclusions: It was determined that although there was a significant association between MRG, Candida and diabetes mellitus, the possible risk factors such as gender, smoking, and denture wearing for oral candidiasis were invalid for MRG. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:367-372)

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UJI DAYA HAMBAT SENYAWA SAPONIN BATANG PISANG (Musa paradisiaca) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Candida albicans

e-GIGI ◽

10.35790/eg.3.2.2015.10486 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Siti R. I. Yuliana ◽

Michael A. Leman ◽

P. S. Anindita

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Experimental Design ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Control Group ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Banana Plant ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Musa Paradisiaca ◽

Banana Stem

Abstract: Candida albicans living as saprophyte can be found on the skin, genital tract, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract including the oral cavity. The transmutation of Candida albicans from saprofit becoming pathogenic causes thrush or candidiasis. The treatment of oral candidiasis is antifungal drugs, however, long-term used of the drugs can make Candida albicans being resistant. Therefore, an alternative medicine with lower side effects is needed. One of the natural ingridients that can be used is the banana plant (Musa paradisiaca). inter alia Amboina banana (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum. This study aimed to determine the inhibition of Amboina banana stem on the growth of Candida albicans. This was an experimental laboratory study with a true experimental design and posttest only control group design with Kirby-bauer difusion method using filter paper. The parameter observed was fungal (Candida albicans) growth inhibition zona on pottatoe dextrose agar medium supplemented with saponin of Amboina banana stem. The growth proportion was analyzed by microsoft excell. The results showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zona of saponin was 12.5 mm; ketokonazol 15.3 mm; meanwhile aquades did not have the inhibition zona. Conclusion: Saponin in Amboina banana stem has an antifungal effect on the growth of Candida albicans.Keywords: candida albicans, saponin, amboina banana stemAbstrak: Candida albicans yang hidup sebagai saprofit dapat ditemukan pada kulit, saluran genital, saluran napas bagian atas, dan saluran pencernaan termasuk rongga mulut. Perubahan Candida albicans dari saprofit menjadi patogen menyebabkan penyakit yang disebut kandidiasis atau kandidosis. Selain itu pada pemakai gigi tiruan, Candida albicans dapat menyebabkan denture stomatitis. Perawatan untuk infeksi ini dapat dilakukan dengan memberikan obat antijamur. Namun, pemberian obat antijamur dalam jangka waktu lama dapat menyebabkan resistensi. Hal ini memicu adanya kebutuhan untuk mencari pengobatan baru dengan aktivitas antifungi yang lebih baik, toksisitas yang lebih rendah, dan tidak resisten terhadap Candida albicans. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai tanaman obat yaitu tanaman pisang antara lain pisang Ambon (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya hambat senyawa saponin batang pisang Ambon terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorik menggunakan rancangan eksperimental murni (true experimental design) dengan rancangan penelitian post test only control design dengan metode difusi lempeng agar Kirby-bauer menggunakan kertas saring. Parameter yang diamati ialah luas diameter zona hambat pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans pada media agar yang telah diberi senyawa saponin batang pisang Ambon. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan microsoft excell. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan total rerata luas diameter zona hambat senyawa saponin yang terbentuk sebesar 12,5 mm; ketokonazol 15,3 mm; sednagkan aquades tidak terdapat zona hambat. Simpulan: Senyawa saponin batang pisang Ambon dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans.Kata kunci: candida albicans, senyawa saponin, batang pisang ambon

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Daya Hambat Ekstrak Kulit Semangka (Citrullus lanatus) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans

Pustaka Kesehatan ◽

10.19184/pk.v9i1.10825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Nindya Nur Maghfiroh ◽

Ayu Mashartini Prihanti ◽

Purwanto Purwanto

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Control Group ◽

Skin Extract ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Post Test ◽

Opportunistic Pathogenic ◽

Peel Extract

Candida albicans is normal flora found in the oral mucosa in healthy individuals but has opportunistic pathogenic properties. The change in the oral cavity's environmental conditions can cause C. albicans to turn into a pathogen and cause oral candidiasis. Antifungal drugs that are common used for the treatment of oral candidiasis are topical nystatin preparations. Nystatin is an antifungal drug from the polyene group produced by Streptomyces noursei, which is thought to be very effective in treating diseases caused by C. albicans with a success rate 79.6 - 87.5%. The previous study showed that watermelon peel extract contains active compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The active compound is known to have antifungal activity. The study aimed to determine the ability of watermelon peel extract to inhibit the growth of C. albicans. The type of research conducted is experimental laboratories using the post-test only control group design. The observations in this study about the inhibitory power of watermelon rind extract (Citrullus lanatus) on the growth of C. albicans showed that there were inhibitory zones of watermelon skin extract on the growth of C. albicans.

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Effects of citrus limon essential oil (Citrus limon L.) on cytomorphometric changes of Candida albicans

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i1.p43-48 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 43 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rina Prabajati ◽

Iwan Hernawan ◽

Hening Tuti Hendarti

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Incubation Period ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

New Drugs ◽

Control Group ◽

Citrus Limon ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Antifungal Activities

Background: The most common fungal infection found in oral cavity is oral candidiasis, largely caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans (C. albicans). Candida infection can get worse since it is difficult to be treated and resistant with antifungal drugs. Therefore, new drugs and compounds as well as alternative therapies involving natural sources that have antifungal activities have continually been developed. Limonene, β-pinene, and ɣ-terpinene contained in Citrus limon essential oil have been known to have quite good antifungal activities against C. albicans. Purpose: This research aimed to examine and analyze the effects of Citrus limon essential oil on cytomorphometric changes of C. albicans. Method: The research used post test only control group design. Based on the results of the pre-elementary research on antifungal activities of Citrus limon essential oil against C. albicans, Citrus limon essential oil used in this research was on concentrations of 1.56%, 1.37%, 1.17%, 0.98%, and 0.78%. Citrus limon essential oil by C. albicans inoculum and incubated for 24 hours and 48 hours. After the incubation, those C. albicans cells were fixed, dried, and then observed using a scanning electron microscopy. Result: The most effective concentrations of Citrus limon essential oil triggering cytomorphometric changes of Candida albicans were at 1.37% and 1.56% with the incubation period of 48 hours. Conclusion: C. albicans can undergo necrosis process through cytomorphometric changes after the administration of Citrus limon essential oil at concentrations of 1.56% and 1.37% with the incubation period of 48 hours.

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