scholarly journals DISPERSION OF COOLING WATER FROM A COASTAL LNG PLANT

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (17) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
P. Ackers ◽  
J.D. Pitt ◽  
G. Thompson ◽  
K.G. Rippin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Tidal Currents ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Heated Water ◽  
Mixing Parameters

The object of this case study was to predict the likely degree of pollution resulting from the discharge of heated water from a proposed LNG plant into the sea (Figure 1). The expected thermal loading was 40 m-Vs at a temperature of 10°C above the natural ambient sea water temperature. The investigation was required to provide data for an ecological study to determine the possible impact of the plant on the coastal and marine environment. Information on tide levels, tidal currents, salinity, sea temperature, wind strength and direction was obtained in a general survey programme which had already been commissioned. These data provided vital information on seasonal variations in marine conditions and further local information was obtained from short intensive hydrographic surveys. The data were analysed to yield a simplified description of the tidal and wind induced currents and suitable values of mixing parameters for use in two numerical models. The first dealt with the "near field" processes of the spread of a buoyant layer of heated water under the convecting influence of the tidal currents. The second model simulated the "far field" processes which give rise to a general increase in the temperature of the sea in the region.

Hydro Thermodynamic Modeling of an Outfall System Discharging Into the Near Shore Area Considering the Environmental Conditions

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Mazaheri
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The outlet location of an outfall system usually depends on the location of the water intake chamber, discharge and temperature of the waste and cooling water, sea temperature, near shore hydrodynamics and environmental conditions. Sometime, when it is not possible to discharge the circulated water by an open channel to the shoreline due to environmental restrictions then finding the appropriate water depth where the water can be discharged will become more important. In this situation, the hydrodynamic conditions of worst scenarios should be simulated properly. Then, an advection-dissipation model should be set up in the region in order to find out the heat dissipation pattern of the discharged water for the defined scenarios. Having done the simulations, it is required to interpret the results considering the environmental restrictions. Finally, based on the interpretation of the results, decision about the proper water depth for jetting out the discharged water can be made. In this paper it is attempted to highlight the important issues which should be considered during the design procedure. In addition, as a case study the steps taken for the modeling of the outfall system of Phases 9 & 10 South Pars Refineries located in northern part of the Persian Gulf is explained. Finally, the results of the case study are discussed and consequently further recommendations are given.

SEISMIC RISK AND RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES: CASE STUDY ON A BLACK CARBON PLANT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Karagiannakis
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Plant Equipment

This paper deals with state of the art risk and resilience calculations for industrial plants. Resilience is a top priority issue on the agenda of societies due to climate change and the all-time demand for human life safety and financial robustness. Industrial plants are highly complex systems containing a considerable number of equipment such as steel storage tanks, pipe rack-piping systems, and other installations. Loss Of Containment (LOC) scenarios triggered by past earthquakes due to failure on critical components were followed by severe repercussions on the community, long recovery times and great economic losses. Hence, facility planners and emergency managers should be aware of possible seismic damages and should have already established recovery plans to maximize the resilience and minimize the losses. Seismic risk assessment is the first step of resilience calculations, as it establishes possible damage scenarios. In order to have an accurate risk analysis, the plant equipment vulnerability must be assessed; this is made feasible either from fragility databases in the literature that refer to customized equipment or through numerical calculations. Two different approaches to fragility assessment will be discussed in this paper: (i) code-based Fragility Curves (FCs); and (ii) fragility curves based on numerical models. A carbon black process plant is used as a case study in order to display the influence of various fragility curve realizations taking their effects on risk and resilience calculations into account. Additionally, a new way of representing the total resilience of industrial installations is proposed. More precisely, all possible scenarios will be endowed with their weighted recovery curves (according to their probability of occurrence) and summed together. The result is a concise graph that can help stakeholders to identify critical plant equipment and make decisions on seismic mitigation strategies for plant safety and efficiency. Finally, possible mitigation strategies, like structural health monitoring and metamaterial-based seismic shields are addressed, in order to show how future developments may enhance plant resilience. The work presented hereafter represents a highly condensed application of the research done during the XP-RESILIENCE project, while more detailed information is available on the project website https://r.unitn.it/en/dicam/xp-resilience.

scholarly journals Estimation of Damage Induced by Single-Hole Rock Blasting: A Review on Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Solutions

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Mahdi Shadabfar ◽  
Cagri Gokdemir ◽  
Mingliang Zhou ◽  
Hadi Kordestani ◽  
Edmond V. Muho
Keyword(s):  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Rock Blasting ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Reliability Models ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Engineering Projects

This paper presents a review of the existing models for the estimation of explosion-induced crushed and cracked zones. The control of these zones is of utmost importance in the rock explosion design, since it aims at optimizing the fragmentation and, as a result, minimizing the fine grain production and recovery cycle. Moreover, this optimization can reduce the damage beyond the set border and align the excavation plan with the geometric design. The models are categorized into three groups based on the approach, i.e., analytical, numerical, and experimental approaches, and for each group, the relevant studies are classified and presented in a comprehensive manner. More specifically, in the analytical methods, the assumptions and results are described and discussed in order to provide a useful reference to judge the applicability of each model. Considering the numerical models, all commonly-used algorithms along with the simulation details and the influential parameters are reported and discussed. Finally, considering the experimental models, the emphasis is given here on presenting the most practical and widely employed laboratory models. The empirical equations derived from the models and their applications are examined in detail. In the Discussion section, the most common methods are selected and used to estimate the damage size of 13 case study problems. The results are then utilized to compare the accuracy and applicability of each selected method. Furthermore, the probabilistic analysis of the explosion-induced failure is reviewed using several structural reliability models. The selection, classification, and discussion of the models presented in this paper can be used as a reference in real engineering projects.

scholarly journals Assessing storm surge hazard and impact of sea level rise in the Lesser Antilles case study of Martinique

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1559-1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Krien ◽  
Bernard Dudon ◽  
Jean Roger ◽  
Gael Arnaud ◽  
Narcisse Zahibo
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In the Lesser Antilles, coastal inundations from hurricane-induced storm surges pose a great threat to lives, properties and ecosystems. Assessing current and future storm surge hazards with sufficient spatial resolution is of primary interest to help coastal planners and decision makers develop mitigation and adaptation measures. Here, we use wave–current numerical models and statistical methods to investigate worst case scenarios and 100-year surge levels for the case study of Martinique under present climate or considering a potential sea level rise. Results confirm that the wave setup plays a major role in the Lesser Antilles, where the narrow island shelf impedes the piling-up of large amounts of wind-driven water on the shoreline during extreme events. The radiation stress gradients thus contribute significantly to the total surge – up to 100 % in some cases. The nonlinear interactions of sea level rise (SLR) with bathymetry and topography are generally found to be relatively small in Martinique but can reach several tens of centimeters in low-lying areas where the inundation extent is strongly enhanced compared to present conditions. These findings further emphasize the importance of waves for developing operational storm surge warning systems in the Lesser Antilles and encourage caution when using static methods to assess the impact of sea level rise on storm surge hazard.

A Two-Region Model for Gradient Modification of Salt-Gradient Solar Ponds by Radial Injection

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Eghneim ◽  
S. J. Kleis
Keyword(s):  
Turbulence Model ◽  
Field Model ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Domain Boundary ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Solar Ponds ◽  
Numerical Predictions ◽  
Region Model ◽  
Salt Gradient

A combined experimental and numerical study was conducted to support the development of a new gradient maintenance technique for salt-gradient solar ponds. Two numerical models were developed and verified by laboratory experiments. The first is an axisymmetric (near-field) model which determines mixing and entrainment in the near-field of the injecting diffuser by solving the conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, and salt. The model assumes variable properties and uses a simple turbulence model based on the mixing length hypothesis to account for the turbulence effects. A series of experimental measurements were conducted in the laboratory for the initial adjustment of the turbulence model and verification of the code. The second model is a one-dimensional far-field model which determines the change of the salt distribution in the pond gradient zone as a result of injection by coupling the near-field injection conditions to the pond geometry. This is implemented by distributing the volume fluxes obtained at the domain boundary of the near-field model, to the gradient layers of the same densities. The numerical predictions obtained by the two-region model was found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.

scholarly journals Influence of foundation settlements in load redistribution on columns in a monitoring construction - Case Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Savaris ◽  
P. H. Hallak ◽  
P. C. A. Maia
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Finite Elements ◽  
Load Distribution ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Finite Elements Method ◽  
Load Redistribution

The objective of this article is to present the results obtained in a study on the interaction between the behavior of the structure and the foundation settlements and verify the influence of normal load distribution on the columns. In this mechanism, known as structure soil interaction (SSI), as the building is constructed, a transfer of loads occurs from the columns which tend to settle more to those that tend to settle less. The study was conducted in a building which had its settlements monitored from the beginning of construction. For this purpose, a linear tridimensional numerical model was constructed and numerical analysis was performed, using the finite elements method. In these analyses, numerical models corre- sponding to the execution of each floor were used, considering the settlements measured in each stage of the construction. The results of analy- ses showed that the effect of SSI are significant for calculating the normal efforts on the columns, particularly on those located in the first floors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document