Effects of different combinations of N, P and K at different time interval on vegetative, reproductive, yield and quality traits of mango (Mangifera Indica. L) cv. Dusehri

The experiment was carried out on mango cv. Dusehri to investigate the effect of N, P and K fertilizers on vegetative, reproductive growth, yield and fruit quality. Eight different fertilizer combinations such as T1 (control), T2 (N), T3 (P), T4 (K), T5 (NP), T6 (NK), T7 (PK) and T8 (NPK) were used. Individual or combine fertilizer application of N (1000 g), P (750 g) and K (750 g) were applied during growing season in February and August. All the treatments significantly influenced on vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, yield and other physiochemical attributes of mango as compared to control. Least effect was observed with individual fertilizer application while combine fertilizer treatments enhanced most of the investigated parameters. Especially, qualitative traits showed non-significant differences between treated and untreated mango trees. However, among the different treatments T8 (NPK) showed significance for fruiting aspects such as maximum size of growth flushes (177.51 mm), total number of panicles/tree (845), total number of flowers/panicle (974), sex ratio (69.18%), fruit retention (13.85%), total number of fruits/tree (379), yield (82 kg/tree), fruit weight (197.5 g), pulp weight (135.5 g) and physiochemical parameters namely TSS (24.53), Vit. C (57.63 mg/100 mL) and total sugar (20.84%). In general, combine application of NPK (T8) were the most effective in enhancing fruiting aspects, yield, physiochemical characteristics as well as improved fruit quality of mango trees.

Climate and Environmental Benefit Study of PV Resource Development: Case Study of Angola

Vigorously promoting the development of photovoltaic (PV) resources is a positive measure taken by humanity in response to the changes in global climate and environment. At the same time, combining photovoltaic power generation systems with traditional power generation systems, using the advantages of different power generation systems to achieve real-time scheduling optimization has become an urgent problem to be solved in engineering applications. This paper attempts to study the climate and environmental benefits of the development of photovoltaic resource in Africa by taking Angola as an example based on actual project data. According to the characteristics, load requirements, seasonal characteristics and actual engineering background of Tombwa in Angola, a baseline Scenario and four comparative Scenarios were established, and the operating costs of the five Scenarios in local rainy season and dry season were obtained respectively. The cost of electricity for the five Scenarios calculated subsequently. Through real-time scheduling and optimization of the software, the emission characteristics of CO2, NOx and CO under five Scenarios are obtained, and the climate benefits and environmental benefits of the five scenarios are further analyzed and compared. The results show that the development of photovoltaic resources in Angola has good climate and environmental benefits. In addition, the combine application of diesel, PV and battery power system will be the most effective of the five Scenarios to reduce the CO2 emissions with the lowest levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of 0.38 yuan/kwh, as a cost-effective solution in remote areas of Angola, Africa.

Effects of integrated application of inorganic and organic fertilizer on properties of soil planted with rice

Fertilizer application is essential in the improvement of soil quality and crop yield; it was therefore necessary to investigate the effects of integrated application of inorganic and organic base fertilizer on the soil chemical and physical properties. This experiment was conducted at the Ambrose Alli University Teaching and Research Farm, Ekpoma, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments, replicated three times; the treatments were; control (zero application), Indorama granular urea (GU), prilled urea (PU), full dose of P&K+75% Indorama granular urea (GUPK), full dose of P&K+75% prilled urea (PUPK), full dose of P&K+75% Indorama granular urea + 25% FYM (GUP&K+FYM), and full dose of P&K+75% prilled urea + 25% FYM (PUP&K+FYM). The rice variety cultivated was FARO 59. The initial results of the soil analyses showed that the soil was low in nutrient below critical values, the combine application of organic and inorganic fertilizer significantly (p<0.05) improved soil nutrient status compared to the other treatments. The combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizer increased soil pH value from 5.64 in control to 6.92. There was a significant (p< 0.05) improvement of the macro and micronutrient from the integrated application of inorganic and organic based fertilizers compared to other treatments. The application of GUP&K+FYM and PUP&K+FYM significant (p< 0.05) improved the Aggregate stability of the soil. The integrated applications of organic and inorganic fertilizer (GUP&K+FYM and PUP&K+FYM) will significantly (p< 0.05) improve the chemical and physical properties of soil.

High Density RDL Technologies for Panel Level Packaging of Embedded Dies

The ongoing miniaturization and functional heterogeneity in electronics packaging are pushing the demand for advanced substrate technologies. Highly integrated, advanced multi-chip packaging solutions combine application, logic and computing dies with memory or components for power management in a single package. A solution to achieve low fabrication costs is the close embedding of thin dies in IC Substrates based on large formats (600 x 600 mm²), known from PCB fabrication. In a consortium of partners from industry and research advanced technologies for Panel Level Packaging (PLP) are developed. This paper will show the development of 5µm L/S RDL routing density and chips with 50µm bump pitch. Here, the 6x6 mm² dies are symmetrically embedded into an organic laminate matrix. A PCB core (100µm thickness) with very low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) containing laser cut cavities is used, acting as a frame layer. Besides mechanical and handling stability, the usage of such a frame offers the advantage of pre-integrating additional features like local fiducials, through vias or power lines by conventional PCB processes. Within that frame, the dies are embedded by lamination of an organic build-up film with 25µm thickness equal to bump height. The chip contacts are then opened without the need of any micro via formation. Here a strong focus is set on RIE etching of the polymer material. Highly accurate measurement of the real die position is essential for the following processing. The formation of the redistribution layer (RDL) is done in a semi-additive process (SAP) utilizing sputtering technique and direct imaging (LDI). To achieve the fine pitch demands, an adaptive imaging process is applied. Therefore, a newly developed LDI machine is used to write structures in a 7µm photoresist. This exposure also combines the measurement data of the real die position and the adaption of the exposure artwork, in order to achieve highest registration quality.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on the Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Chickpea - forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Cropping Sequence

Background: The ameliorating effect of legumes on the soil is considered to be the most important factor for increasing productivity of non-legume crops grown in rotation. The contribution of preceding legumes is often studied by measuring the yield of subsequent crop. The success of any cropping system depends upon the appropriate management of resources including balanced use of manures and fertilizers.Methods: A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India during Rabi - Summer seasons of the years 2017-18 and 2018-19 on chickpea-forage sorghum cropping system.Result: Results showed that the growth, yield attributes and yield of chickpea were significantly influenced by the integrated nutrient management. On the basis of two year and pooled data, the results revealed that the plant height, dry matter production, dry root biomass, number of pods plant-1, seed yield and stover yield of chickpea were increased with application of 50% RDF + 2 t VC ha-1 + Bio NP (Rhizobium+PSB) than any other treatments. The ameliorating effect of legumes on the soil is considered to be the most important factor in improving the production of non-legume crops grown in rotation. The contribution of preceding legumes is often studied by measuring the yield of subsequent crop. The success of any cropping system depends upon the appropriate management of resources including balanced use of manures and fertilizers. It can be concluded that growth and yield of chickpea was significantly increased with combine application of chemical fertilizers, organic manure and bio-fertilizers.

Application of probiotics and prebiotics for promoting growth of Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon): an approach to eco-friendly shrimp aquaculture

The current study has been conducted to evaluate the growth performance of shrimp (Penaeus monodon) by applying eco-friendly culture mechanism like prebiotics and probiotics. The experiment was carried out for 95 days in different shrimp farms at coastal district of Bagerhat, Bangladesh. Three different treatments viz., probiotic treated as T1, prebiotics treated as T2 and both probiotics and prebiotics as T3 with a control group were designed to conduct the experiment. The size of the experimental ponds was five acre and the stocking density was 4/m2 in each treatment. CP NASA shrimp feed (32% protein) was given thrice in a day during the study period. After 95 days of culture period, the maximum weight gain was observed at T3 (33.78±0.18 g) whereas the minimum weight gain was observed at control group (25.69±0.10 g). The survival rate was the highest in T3 (89.01%) followed by T2 (75.51%) and T1 (53.44%) and the lowest rate was observed in control group (50.88%). Overall production was higher in T3 (833.78 kg ha-1) compared to T2 (553.40 kg ha-1), T1 (447.84 kg ha-1) and Control group (310.57 kg ha-1). pH value was found to maximum in T3 (7.71±0.08) and it was minimum in T1 (7.41±0.10). In addition, the maximum TAN value was found to be 2.22±0.19 mg L-1 in C pond and it was minimum in T3 (0.32±0.06 mg L-1). Therefore, it could be concluded that combine application of probiotics and prebiotics might be the reliable media to enhance production of shrimp by maintaining eco-friendly environment in aquaculture. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 15-20, December 2020

Effects of herbicides on soil enzyme L-asparaginase activity

To study the effect of new generation herbicides on soil enzyme L-asparaginase a field experiment was designed and carried out on maize as test crop. The weed management practices tested were two preemergence herbicides (pendimethalin and atrazine @ 1.0 kg a.i/ha each) and two post-emergence herbicides topramezone @ 25.2 g a.i/ha at 15 DAS,and tembotrione @ 105 g a.i/ha at 15 DAS and combine application of pre- and post emergent herbicides topramezone + atrazine @ 25.2 + 250 g a.i/ha at 15 DAS, tembotrione + atrazine @ 105 + 250 g a.i/ha was applied at 15 DAS and in addition to these the unweeded control and hand weeding (twice at 20 and 40 days) treatments. Soil samples were collected at 15 days intervals and enzyme activity was assayed. In pre-emergence herbicides, control, and hand weeding, there was an increase in the activity of the enzyme from 0 to 60 days and then decrease till harvest, whereas in post emergence herbicide both stimulation and inhibition were observed.

EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON YIELD AND PASSIVE POOLS OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN LONG TERM FERTILIZER EXPERIMENT

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a vital role order to improve soil properties and sustainable production. The different fractions of SOM are more effective in indicating changes in soil use than total soil organic matter content. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on yields and passive pools of soil organic carbon (SOC) under groundnut-wheat cropping sequence of a Haplustepts soil. Such studies were for the first time initiated in long term field experiments initiated during kharif 1999 at Junagadh, Gujarat. Effect on varying doses of N, NP, NPK, NPK with FYM, Zn, S and Rhizobium on yields and passive pools of SOC viz., Humic acid, Fulvic acid and Humin was conducted after 16 year of groundnut-wheat crop sequence was studied. The result of the two was compared and conclusion deduced. The result revealed that application of 50% NPK + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 to groundnut and 100% NPK to wheat significantly increased the groundnut pod and haulm yield, wheat grain and straw yield. The highest and significant increase passive pools of soil organic carbon viz., Humic acid, Fulvic acid and Humin was also observed under combine application of 50% NPK + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 to groundnut and 100% NPK to wheat. These results indicate that long-term integrated use of FYM with chemical fertilizers or use of FYM alone exerted significant effect on the passive pools of soil organic carbon.

Effect of Different Types of Fertilizer Application on the Soil Fertility of Oil Palm Reclamation Soil under Polyculture System

To evaluate the effect of different fertilizer application on soil fertility under polyculture cropping system (okra, water spinach and yard long bean), a field experiment was conducted in the oil palm reclamation soil at the research farm in ICA UTM-Pagoh. There were five treatments involved which were: (T1) no fertilizer, (T2) organic fertilizer, (T3) inorganic fertilizer, (T4) organic inorganic compound fertilizer and (T5) organic + inorganic fertilizer. The initial and final soil samples were collected to study the effect of different types of commercial fertilizer application on soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, soil organic matter (SOM), bulk density and nutrients (P and K) contents in the soil surface layer (0–15 cm) of the experimented site for 14 weeks. Results showed that the soil pH was the lowest with an average of 6.05 units in T5 and was significantly higher in T1 (8.23 units). The EC value in T5 is the highest with 172.4 ds/m and lowest in T1 with an average of 25.5 ds/m. T5 showed the highest soil moisture and soil organic matter with 15.81% and 4.01% respectively. The combine application of organic and inorganic fertilizers has increased SOC and TN values compared with the T1 (control) specifically, which resulted in 3.7% and 0.33% of SOC and TN concentrations, respectively (). Bulk density showed no significant different among all the treatment with the highest value was in T4 (1.22g/cm3) and lowest in T3(1.05g/cm3). The average amounts of C/N ratio ranged from 11.11 to 13.60 between all treatments with the highest ratio in T4 (13.6). The average P and K contents were highest in T5 (1564.7 mg/kg and 1056.2 mg/kg). Thus, it showed that the application with the mixture of organic and inorganic fertilizer (T5) improved the soil condition.