ISSUES OF CONTINUITY OF APPROACHES TO URBAN IMPROVEMENT AND GREENING

The article has been prepared on the basis of many years of research at the Central Scientific Research Institute of Urban Development in the 1970s and 1990s and later works, including those carried out at the Central Scientific Research Institute of Construction of the Ministry of Construction of Russia. The ecological prerequisites of urban planning and the principle of the formation of the natural-ecological frame of the territories of cities as a planning basis for their improvement and landscaping are considered. Taken into account studies of 2019-2020. Since the beginning of the new century, the professional environment has been discussing the negative trends of modern urban planning and urban improvement, accompanied by the loss of their individual appearance. This takes place in the conditions of a market economy and world processes of globalization, which in our subject area are usually called "urbanism". This situation is typical for most cities, and not only for megalopolises, but also for small historical cities. It is shown that excessive unification and depersonalization of the urban environment can be overcome by relying on the fundamental achievements of domestic science and practice. It is also necessary to use systemic, socially oriented and environmentally oriented approaches to the planning and improvement of cities with the formation of interconnected systems of natural and green areas. They should include historical buildings, architectural ensembles and architectural monuments, valuable natural landscapes, historical gardens and parks.

Participation of Scientific Research Organizations of the Russian NBC Protection Troops in Ensuring Epidemiological and Epizootic Well-Being of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District during the Anthrax Epizootic Outbreak in 2016–2018

2016 was marked by the largest epizootic of anthrax among reindeer and people in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. The development of the emergency situation has led to significant economic and material losses to the region. The federal executive bodies, as well as scientific research organisations of the Russian NBC Protection Troops were attracted to the elimination of consequences of this epizootic. The aim of this work was to summarize the role of scientific research organizations of the Russian NBC Protection Troops in ensuring epidemiological and epizootic well-being of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District during the anthrax epizootic outbreak in 2016–2018. The experts from the «48 Central Scientific Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence together with the experts from the territorial branches of Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing and executive bodies of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District have developed a «Comprehensive Anthrax Prevention Plan for the Territory of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District for 2017–2020». This plan was dedicated to the monitoring and analyzing the epizootic situation, to the movement control, to the vaccination of people at risk and animals, as well as to the systematic control of epidemiological and epizootic well-being (sampling). Due to the implementation of these measures, an anthrax outbreak in Yamal was localized in autumn 2018. In order to monitor the situation at the sites of the epizootic in 2016, the specialists from the scientific research organisations of the Russian NBC Protection Troops carried out the selection and delivery of biological samples to the laboratory base of the «48 Central Scientific Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of Russia for their in-depth study. The results of VNTR typing allowed to state, that the genotype of Bacillus аnthracis isolates, that caused the anthrax epizootic outbreak in the Yamal, was not exotic for Russia. The genetic material of B. anthracis, analysed by the experts from the branch office of the «48 Central Scientific Research Institute», showed that it was identical with the B. anthracis strain genotype, obtained in 2016 in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District

Properties of Heterologous anti-Ebola Immunoglobulin after Long Storage

Ebola outbreak in eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2018–2020 proved that the virus remains highly hazardous for humans, and the outbreak in West Africa in 2014–2016, which was the largest Ebola outbreak in history, showed that it could be imported to other continents, including Russia. In 1993 the Federal State Budgetary Institution “48th Central Scientific Research Institute” of the Russian Ministry of Defence developed a specific equine immunoglobulin for emergency prophylaxis of Ebola in risk groups. The evaluation and improvement of the product’s properties is an important area in the development of biological defence technologies.The aim of the study was to examine the properties of the equine anti-Ebola immunoglobulin which had been stored for a long time at 2–8 °C.Materials and methods: the authors studied batches of heterologous anti-Ebola immunoglobulin that had been stored for 17–22 years. The properties of the product were evaluated according to the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, 14th ed. (Ph. Rus. 14 ed.). The specific activity of the product was determined in a plaque reduction neutralisation test using Ebola virus and African green monkey kidney cells (GMK-AH-1(D)). Immunoglobulin molecular parameters were determined by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography using the test methods described in the European Pharmacopoeia 9.6 and Ph. Rus. 14 ed.Results: the storage of anti-Ebola immunoglobulin for 17–22 years at 2–8 °C resulted in a four-fold reduction of the level of virus-neutralising antibodies against Ebola, decrease in the proportion of monomers from 98 to 74–90%, increase in the proportion of dimers and polymers, and formation of immunoglobulin molecules’ fragments. Signs of toxicity for mice were observed in one of the three product batches. Conclusions: the obtained results suggest the need to perform more studies to test the quality of antiEbola immunoglobulin batches that were stored for shorter periods of time in order to assess the stability of their initial characteristics.

The efficacy of the use of vaginal suppositories API-NORM® in patients after surgical treatment of cervical ectopy associated with HPV

The aim of the study is to improve the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures after surgical treatment of ectopic cylindrical cervical epithelium in women of reproductive age associated with HPV. In order to increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures after surgical treatment, 70 women of reproductive age with an ectopia of the cylindrical epithelium of the cervix associated with HPV were examined. According to rehabilitation measures after surgical treatment, they were divided into two groups. The main group included 52 women who, after surgical treatment for rehabilitation, received vaginal suppositories containing activated propolis extract, beeswax, St. John's wort extract, marigold and sea buckthorn oil (API-NORM), once a day for 10 days. The comparison group included 28 women treated with suppositories containing 500 mg of methyluracil. Analysis of the data obtained was carried out using the program “STATISTICA 5.5” (owned by the Central Scientific Research Institute of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, license No.AXXR910A374605FA) using non-parametric methods for assessing the results. It was determined that the use of this method of rehabilitation after electroexcision treatment of cervical pathology made it possible to reduce the period of regeneration of the wound surface by 2.4 times and reduce the bleeding rate to 1.9% in the postoperative period. The appointment of API-NORM vaginal suppositories for the purpose of postoperative rehabilitation helps to reduce the recurrence rate of the disease and coagulated cervical syndrome to 3.8% and 1.9%, respectively, and gives us the full cervical epithelization in 94.2% of cases. This proves the high efficiency of the proposed method of rehabilitation.

Membrane Technology in the Production of Immunobiological Preparations Produced by the Branch Office of the FSBE «48 Central Scientific Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of Russia (Kirov)

The researchers of the Branch Office of the Federal State Budgetary Establishment «48 Central Scientific Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (Kirov) organized theoretical and experimental studies on the introduction of a tangential filtration method for the separation of biological mixtures into the production of immunobiological preparations. The method of microfiltration in the tangential stream replaced the process of sedimentation at the stage of concoction of intermediate vaccines, reduced considerably the process time, and allowed to obtain suspensions from cultural liquid, substandard on an indicator of concentration of microbial cells. Along with this, the microfiltration method allowed to concentrate the cultures of Yersinia pestis of a vaccinal strain EV. In comparison with the centrifugal separation, the concentration of living microbial cells of a vaccinal strain of EV Y. pestis increased by one and a half times. The filtration in a tangential stream at the ASF-020 installation from the point of view of the production of the sporous product of anthrax vaccine STI-1 (in millions of doses), is 1.8 times more effective in comparison with the centrifugal separation. The membrane method allowed to reduce the duration of technological process. These membrane processes are used nowadays during the production of plague and anthrax vaccines, anthrax immunoglobulin, diagnostic medicines and during the sterilization of liquid nutrient mediums. This type of equipment for the sterilization of nutrient mediums can be considered as an alternative to the processes of the thermal sterilization of liquids and provides their biological and technological full functionality. Experiments on the use of the ceramic-metal filters sterilizing the air given for aeration, showed the decrease in duration of preparatory operations on 20 h and increase in the general operational opportunities of the system.

The Improvement of Live Plaque Vaccine Production Technology

The article is dedicated to the possible improvement of the production technology of live plaque vaccines. The automated information system (AIS) of the control of the production of pharmaceuticals has been elaborated in the branch office of the «48 Central Scientific Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of Russia (Kirov) within the framework of the federal target program «The National System of Chemical and Biological Security of the Russian Federation». The AIS has been used for the improvement of the technology of submerged cultivation of live plaque vaccine. Strain EV, line NIIEG, as well as the upgraded fermenter BIOR-0,25 with the AIS of the control of the production have been used in this work. The problems of the improvement of the production technology of pharmaceuticals have been studied. The possibility of shared use of the fermenters and AIS of the control of the production of pharmaceuticals has been proven experimentally. This hardware system can accumulate, systemize and record scientific and technical information about all the operations. The above-mentioned studies allow to enhance the technological capabilities of the equipment and to improve the stage of the submerged cultivation in the production of live plaque vaccine.

The Results of Monitoring of Deathplaces of Animals, Died from Anthrax during the Epizootic 2016 in Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District

The article presents the results of the study of samples taken in 2017 by the specialists from the «48 Central Scientific Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of Russia in the course of the survey of deathplaces of animals in the territories of Yamal region of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, contaminated by the Bacillus anthracis agent. Thirty two samples have been taken during the survey. Real-time PCR identified specific fragments of B. anthracis DNA in two of them – in the ash, taken at the spot of the cremation of the reindeer`s corpse and in the biological material from one of the unburned corpses. Pure microbial cultures of B. anthracis agent have been obtained from these samples. They all possessed the biological properties, typical for high virulent B. anthracis strains. The lethal dose (LD 50 ) for white mice turned out to be 5.8 and 6.2 spores for No 3 and No 13 isolates consequently, and the average lifetime of animals since the moment of contamination till death did not exceed 3.5 days. The genetic typing of the isolated isolates for 18 VNTR-loci of the chromosomal localization showed that their genotypes were identic to the B. anthracis strain Yamal-1, obtained by the experts from the branch offfice of the «48 Central Scientific Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of Russia (Kirov) from the corpse of a reindeer during the liquidation of the anthrax epizootic in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District in summer 2016. The coincidence of the genetic profiles of the isolated microbial cultures and B. anthracis strain Yamal-1 indicated one common source of their origin and the presence of the stable focus of B. anthracis at the territory of Yamal District. This fact needs more attention from local authorities and requires concerted attention to the epizootic and epidemiological situation in the region.

Multifunctional Mobile Module Complex for Analysis of Pathogenic Biological Materials (Agents)

Multifunctional mobile module complex for analysis of pathogenic biological materials (agents) (MKA PBA) and for the support of the decisions of the operational groups of the Ministry of Defence of Russia in case of biological emergencies, has been elaborated within the framework of the federal target program «The National System of Chemical and Biological Security of the Russian Federation (2009–2013)». The developer is OAO «NPO «Transkom» (PJSC «Research and Production Association «Transkom») together with the federal state budgetary establishment «48 Central Scientific Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. The complex provides life support of the crew during 14 days and nights of autonomous work. The equipment of the complex allows to reveal and identify up to 25 agents of infectious diseases: plague, anthrax, glanders, melioidosis, cholera, typhoid, brucellosis, legionellosis, tularemia, orthopoxvirus diseases, Q fever, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Marburg fever, Ebola fever, Lassa fever, Machupo fever, West Niles fever, epidemic nephritis, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Dengue haemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis. In case of the absence of any stationary operational bases, MKA PBA can provide the fulfilling sanitary-epidemiological requirements SP 1.3.3118-13 «Security work with microorganisms I–II pathogenicity groups (hazard)». The complex can reveal pathogenic biological agents in no less than 20 samples simultaneously with probability 0,95. The duration of the preliminary analysis and the evaluation of biological environment in the emergency zone is no less than 15 minutes. The alleged service life of the complex is 12 years.