ISSUES OF CONTINUITY OF APPROACHES TO URBAN IMPROVEMENT AND GREENING

The article has been prepared on the basis of many years of research at the Central Scientific Research Institute of Urban Development in the 1970s and 1990s and later works, including those carried out at the Central Scientific Research Institute of Construction of the Ministry of Construction of Russia. The ecological prerequisites of urban planning and the principle of the formation of the natural-ecological frame of the territories of cities as a planning basis for their improvement and landscaping are considered. Taken into account studies of 2019-2020. Since the beginning of the new century, the professional environment has been discussing the negative trends of modern urban planning and urban improvement, accompanied by the loss of their individual appearance. This takes place in the conditions of a market economy and world processes of globalization, which in our subject area are usually called "urbanism". This situation is typical for most cities, and not only for megalopolises, but also for small historical cities. It is shown that excessive unification and depersonalization of the urban environment can be overcome by relying on the fundamental achievements of domestic science and practice. It is also necessary to use systemic, socially oriented and environmentally oriented approaches to the planning and improvement of cities with the formation of interconnected systems of natural and green areas. They should include historical buildings, architectural ensembles and architectural monuments, valuable natural landscapes, historical gardens and parks.

ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE CENTERS OF HISTORICAL CITIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF KOLOMNA, SERGIEV POSAD, DMITROV, ZVENIGOROD)

The issues of assessing the current level of beautification of the centers of historical cities and its quality are relevant in connection with the practical and methodological problems of carrying out such work within the framework of the implementation of the national project "comfortable environment" as well as the target program for the beautification of historic cities. It is during the improvement of historical cities or historical zones of cities in practice that the most complex methodological problems arise, associated with the need to ensure the preservation of valuable historical landscapes, architectural monuments, historical gardens and parks. To make decisions on the improvement and greening of cities, including within the framework of national, regional and municipal projects and programs, it is important to analyze the state and experience of the improvement and greening of a number of cities. As objects of research, four historical cities near Moscow were selected, or rather, the territories of their public centers, and at the same time, the positive and negative aspects of projects implemented over the past 5-10 years were considered in terms of compliance with urban planning regulations for historical zones, environmental requirements and the comfort of the urban environment - Kolomna, Sergiev Posad, Dmitrov, Zvenigorod.

A PROMISING ASSORTMENT OF TREES AND SHRUBS FOR LANDSCAPING IN VOLGOGRAD CITY

The article deals with one of the most relevant topics of the modern city and ecology - the problem of landscaping in Volgograd. The city is characterized by an industrial urbanism, with a high concentration of population, saturation of production facilities and vehicles, which contributes to a high level of negative impact on the environment. The pace of greening of the city lags behind the pace of construction of the residential sector, and the existing green spaces do not meet the sanitary and hygienic, aesthetic requirements. The prospects of this problem are determined, the existing green spaces are considered, data on the climatic conditions of the city and the ecological situation are given. Improvement in the field of landscaping is associated with the scientifically sound placement of green spaces, taking into account all the factors that affect the growth and development of plants in the urban environment. Unfortunately, due to the uneven distribution of the assortment of trees and shrubs, the species composition of the central streets and squares of the city is extremely poor. The study focuses on the role of the botanical garden in urban landscaping and aims to create recommendations for the sorting of tree and shrub plants for urban landscaping. As a result of the analysis of the assortment of ornamental plants of the open ground of the botanical garden, the article proposed species and varieties of woody and shrubby plants that have passed the introduction tests for more than 5-10 years. Recommendations for sorting are aimed at improving the ecological situation of the city and greening the recreation areas of citizens. The proposed list of tree and shrub species cannot fully solve the problem of greening the city, but it will help to significantly enrich the composition of tree and shrub plants.

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE AND DESIGN PROPOSALS FOR THE RESTORATION OF VISUAL CONNECTIONS ON THE AXIS OF THE GRAND CASCADE OF THE NIKITSKY BOTANICAL GARDEN

Nikitsky Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical institutions in Russia. For more than two centuries of history, the appearance of the garden has repeatedly changed. A significant amount of work on the development of the territory dates back to the post-war period. In the late 40s, a staircase with a cascade of pools was erected, the structure of the axis of which is built on the principle of an enfilade with adjacent spatial elements that create a through expressive perspective. The appearance of the cascade changed in the following years. The conducted historical analysis and visual full-scale surveys of the Lower Park of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden along the axis of the Cascade Staircase showed the loss of the integrity of the visual connection between the spatial elements. The article proposes the concept of restoring visual connections. The territory of the object was divided according to the compositional principle into six zones. The space includes a number of viewpoints from which an overview of various parts of the landscape is revealed, consisting of viewing platforms, vegetation, water objects and other elements connected by stairs. It is possible to restore the connections between the viewpoints of the garden and the landscapes perceived from them on this object using the methods of arboristics and arboplasty. This will significantly improve the aesthetic appearance of the space, restore its integrity and a certain solemnity inherent in the formation.

LANDSCAPE ART AS PART OF THE GLOBAL PROCESS OF CULTURAL INTEGRATION

In the cultural space of the current period of history, the intensification of the process of cultural transfer contributes to changing the canonical circle of national creativity, including in landscape art. It is very rare to find gardens and parks, all the elements of which, including ideology, can be attributed to the cultural traditions of certain countries or ethnic groups. Over the past two millennia, the development of trade, military expansion and the spread of religious teachings to new territories have contributed to the transformation of national cultures - both through the processes of unconscious influence and conscious borrowing. To understand these processes, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors that allow foreign cultural traditions to take root, in our case, the traditions of decorative gardening. In some cases, there were cyclical processes of exodus and return of techniques and methods of park construction to the same region. For the most part, integration processes contributed to the loss of the cultural identity of peoples, but in exceptional cases they can also be considered as a progressive phenomenon, including in social terms, when comfortable recreation places in the city became available to residents regardless of their social status. The analysis of the facts presented in the article showed a close relationship between historical events and the stages of development of decorative gardening techniques, which have been preserved in gardens for thousands of years on a par with other cultural monuments. Therefore, understanding the modern interpretation of the ideal space, which has always been understood as a garden, is important for determining the trends in the development of the landscape art as a whole.

MAIN RESULTS OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR GREEN CONSTRUCTION IN ARID CONDITIONS MANGISTAU

In Mangystau, there is an acute problem of comparative assessment of the overall decorative effect of green devices in the system of a specific natural and urban landscape, which the Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden (MABS) has been dealing with for the last 6 years as part of the scientific and technical programs "Innovative potential of botanical gardens of Kazakhstan as a scientific and practical basis for the conservation and balanced use of biological diversity in the arid conditions of the Mangystau desert". The description of the special computer program "PLANT-EST-KZ" developed at the MIEB is given, the database of which currently includes the most complete information about 94 green devices of residential and industrial zones of 5 settlements of the Mangystau region of 13 types. The decorative significance of the signs was determined by the results of a detailed survey of plantings, during which functional zones, types of compositions, age and height of woody plants, tiering of plantings, species composition, areas under woody vegetation, flower beds, rose gardens and lawns, the number of memorable (cultural) objects were identified. A comprehensive scale for assessing the aesthetics of green devices, compiled in relation to the arid conditions of Mangystau, is proposed, taking into account 37 structural, commemorative, ecological, biological and agrotechnical characteristics of garden and park objects. A comparative analysis of the aesthetics of green devices for various functional purposes is given. The introduction of the developed program into the practice of green construction will become the basis for an objective assessment of the decorative nature of the landscaping plantings of Mangystau and the development of effective measures for the reconstruction of existing and the creation of new garden and park plantings.

FEATURES OF LANDSCAPE ORGANIZATION OF CAR CAMPS IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF CRIMEA

The freedom of choice by motorists of their route, parking places, the duration of rest, as well as the choice of the type of rest in a complex with the natural resource potential of the Crimean Peninsula determine the advantages of campsites over other accommodation facilities. Crimea has a rich and diverse resource potential of recreation and tourism, which determines the popularity of auto tourism. However, the richness of the natural environment is negatively offset by the low aesthetic level of the territories of car camps themselves, where no work on landscaping and landscaping of places of short-term stay of motorists is often assumed. The variety of climatic zones of the Crimean Peninsula implies an individual approach to the landscaping of parking lots and careful selection of plants that can grow in these conditions with minimal care. During the reconnaissance survey on the territories of objects currently used as car camps on the coast of the Crimean Peninsula, an assessment of landscape features, the degree of landscaping, and compliance with GOST R 58187-2018 "Tourist services" was carried out. Camping sites". In the course of the study, the complete or partial absence of landscaping in the territories of car camps and non-compliance with the requirements of GOST (to varying degrees) was established. The assortment for landscaping of car camps on each of the coasts has been selected, taking into account the main limiting factors.

GARDEN AND LANDSCAPE IN THE CONTEXT OF PHILOSOPHIC AND MYTHOLOGICAL CULTURE OF ANTIQUITY

The article examines the phenomenon of garden and landscape in the culture of antiquity through the prism of mythology and philosophy. Various functions of the garden are analyzed as a factor in the spiritual and intellectual development of civilization. Particular attention is paid to the aesthetic value of the garden and landscape, where green spaces served as a source of clean air, coolness, inexhaustible beauty and inspiration, performed a cognitive function, filled a person's being with aesthetic and ethical emotions. The article shows the attitude to the garden by thinkers and society as a whole - from the period of antiquity, the late European Middle Ages to the present. The garden is seen as one of the tools of introspection, a place that creates conditions for productive thinking. A classification is proposed for a number of important functions that gardens have performed throughout the history of mankind.

FEATURES OF FORMATION OF LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK (LEK) OF RESORT CITY ZELENOGRADSK OF KALININGRAD REGION

Kaliningrad Region (Konigsberg) is a semi-excave of Russia that does not have a common land border with its main territory, but is connected to it by sea. It reached our country as a result of the victory over Germany in 1945. This region bears the imprint of the historical and cultural development of East Prussia, has its own specificity in the development of natural landscapes and causes special professional interest in the development of the landscape and ecological framework (LEC) of the famous German resort city of Krantz (Zelenogradsk). The article gives some historical maps, on the basis of which an analysis of the development of natural landscapes and the formation of the LEK of the city of Krantz was made. It was also analyzed by the case of the element frame: urban planning and transport axes, types of the spatial structure of the city and two large landscape objects. Materials are given historical photographs, which show the promenade, buildings and structures, elements of urban landscaping. Materials is recalled about the reforestation of the dunes, information is given about the Plantage park and its elements, which are the green core of the modern city.

COLLECTIBLE EXPOSITIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF BOTANICAL GARDENS: A SCIENTIFIC TESTING GROUND AND AESTHETICS OF TERRITORIES

The article is devoted to the creation of an exposition-collection of flowering shrubs on the territory of the Main Botanical Garden Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS), which allows for scientific research and at the same time is a highly decorative site of the botanical garden, created according to a previously developed project. This approach made it possible to present the largest collections of two genera Philadelphus L. and Spiraea L. in one place, selecting the most resistant, to adverse environmental factors, decorative and modern species, and varieties. The compositions of this site are based on the use of the external characteristics of plants and their adaptive capabilities in the conditions of the Moscow region, such as color, height, shape, texture, duration, and timing of flowering, flower aroma, and winter hardiness of plants. The project was developed with the participation of three scientific divisions of the MBG RAS. The exposition was created on the site of the MBG RAS, vacated after the completion of the construction of the New Stock Greenhouse, and, in fact, is a land reclamation project. In the project of the collection exposition, the data of long-term observations of this group of plants in the nursery conditions were used. The exposition includes 45 species and varieties of mock orange, and spirea with high winter hardiness and the best decorative characteristics. At present, the introduction testing continues, the selection of new species and varieties with the aim of further replenishing the exposition.