scholarly journals XRF elemental analysis of inks in South American manuscripts from 1779 to 1825

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celina Luízar Obregón ◽  
Marco A. Zamalloa Jara ◽  
Flor L. Rojas Arizapana ◽  
Yuri J. Chura Huayllani ◽  
Janet F. Gonzales Bellido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
South American ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer

AbstractThe Regional Archive of Cusco in Peru guards valuable history collections with exceptional regional and international value dating from the sixteenth century to the present. Historical manuscripts are part of the identity of all people; they constitute a tangible cultural heritage that must be studied, valued, and protected. In this sense, the objective of this research was to identify the chemical compositions of inks and paper, with the goals of setting the background of their originality, identifying relationships between them, and glimpsing antecedents that generated degradation due to the compositions of the inks. This study is the first of its kind in Peru and reveals the chemical elements present in the writing ink, the seal, and the paper of five documents from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Duplicate in situ nondestructive analyses were carried out using a hand-held X-ray fluorescence spectrometer under ambient conditions in soil mode, configured with three sequential shots, and energies from zero to 40, 40, and 15 keV, respectively. The elements S and Fe were present as components of iron gall inks. Cu and Zn were less abundant; probably, they provided less corrosion and more color intensity to the inks. The minor elements Pb, As, and especially Ag in all manuscripts differentiate them from European inks of the same period. Additionally, the five documents reflect the same elemental compositions but with different concentrations. This could mean that writers used local raw materials and Spanish ink recipes. Finally, the analyses of standard reference material, SRM 1646a and SRM 196b, gave results with acceptable precision. Graphical Abstract

Clay resources in the Nelas region (Beira Alta), Portugal. A contribution to the characterization of potential raw materials for prehistoric ceramic production

Clay Minerals ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Marques ◽  
A. Jorge ◽  
D. Franco ◽  
M. I. Dias ◽  
M. I. Prudêncio
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Clay Size Fraction ◽  
Ancient Ceramic

AbstractMineralogical and chemical compositions of residual and sedimentary clays (bulk and <2 μm fraction) from the Nelas region (schist, aplite-pegmatites, granites and Tertiary sediments from both Mondego River margins), Portugal, were studied, aiming to establish indicators for raw materials in ancient ceramic provenance studies. The mineralogy of bulk material does not provide a clear distinction between samples. Among clay minerals, kaolinite dominates, except in the aplite-pegmatites where illite prevails. Smectite was only found in sediments of the left river bank.A more successful result was the geochemical differentiation of clay types. The weathered schist presents greater enrichment in Cr, whereas the clay fraction of aplite-pegmatites shows enrichment in all the chemical elements studied. The sediments and weathered granites are not easy to differentiate; the best geochemical indicators are U (lower contents in clay-size fraction of sediments) and REE patterns in both bulk and clay-size fraction.

scholarly journals Analisis Mineralogi dan Kimia Dolomit Kabupaten Bone Bolango, Provinsi Gorontalo

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
Sufriadin Sufriadin ◽  
Purwanto Purwanto ◽  
Muhammad Rahmatul Jihad ◽  
Astina Aras ◽  
Angelia Santoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Selective Mining ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer

Characterization of dolomite samples from Bone Bolango, Gorontalo Province have been performed with the objective to find out their mineralogical and chemical compositions. Observation and mineral analyses were carried out by means of microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods respectively; whereas chemical composition was determined by using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Result of XRD analysis shows that samples contain dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2], calcite [CaCO3] and [SiO2]. The proportion of dolomite is about 60.4% in average and its presence is as replacement of calcite in bioclast components and matrices in the rock. Dolomite crystals are characterized by mosaic texture with euhedral – subhedral in shapes. Spacially, dolomite content increase from west to the east of study area. The XRF analysis reveals that dolomite samples contain MgO ranging between 8.07 and 20.78% while CaO ranges between 30.04 and 56.13%. The SiO2 concentration ranges from 3.50 – 7.55%; whereas Al2O3 ranges from 1.07 – 1.84%. The average MgO content of dolomite about 12.89% can be categorized as calcium dolomite. Dolomite within the study area can be used directly in agriculture sector, but it less suitable as raw materials in glass, ceramic and refractory industries because the average content of MgO is less than 17%. However, it can be increased of their MgO with the application of selective mining or beneficiation process.

Spectro-mechanical Characterization of Aromaticity and Maturity of Kerogens in Oil Shale at 6 nm Spatial Resolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devon Jakob ◽  
Le Wang ◽  
Haomin Wang ◽  
Xiaoji Xu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Eagle Ford Shale

<p>In situ measurements of the chemical compositions and mechanical properties of kerogen help understand the formation, transformation, and utilization of organic matter in the oil shale at the nanoscale. However, the optical diffraction limit prevents attainment of nanoscale resolution using conventional spectroscopy and microscopy. Here, we utilize peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy for multimodal characterization of kerogen in oil shale. The PFIR provides correlative infrared imaging, mechanical mapping, and broadband infrared spectroscopy capability with 6 nm spatial resolution. We observed nanoscale heterogeneity in the chemical composition, aromaticity, and maturity of the kerogens from oil shales from Eagle Ford shale play in Texas. The kerogen aromaticity positively correlates with the local mechanical moduli of the surrounding inorganic matrix, manifesting the Le Chatelier’s principle. In situ spectro-mechanical characterization of oil shale will yield valuable insight for geochemical and geomechanical modeling on the origin and transformation of kerogen in the oil shale.</p>

scholarly journals The Critical Raw Materials Issue between Scarcity, Supply Risk, and Unique Properties

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1826
Author(s):  
Mihaela Girtan ◽  
Antje Wittenberg ◽  
Maria Luisa Grilli ◽  
Daniel P. S. de Oliveira ◽  
Chiara Giosuè ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovation Networks ◽  
Supply Risk ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

This editorial reports on a thorough analysis of the abundance and scarcity distribution of chemical elements and the minerals they form in the Earth, Sun, and Universe in connection with their number of neutrons and binding energy per nucleon. On one hand, understanding the elements’ formation and their specific properties related to their electronic and nucleonic structure may lead to understanding whether future solutions to replace certain elements or materials for specific technical applications are realistic. On the other hand, finding solutions to the critical availability of some of these elements is an urgent need. Even the analysis of the availability of scarce minerals from European Union sources leads to the suggestion that a wide-ranging approach is essential. These two fundamental assumptions represent also the logical approach that led the European Commission to ask for a multi-disciplinary effort from the scientific community to tackle the challenge of Critical Raw Materials. This editorial is also the story of one of the first fulcrum around which a wide network of material scientists gathered thanks to the support of the funding organization for research and innovation networks, COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

scholarly journals Facile Preparation of Mesoporous MCM-48 Containing Silver Nanoparticles with Fly Ash as Raw Materials for CO Catalytic Oxidation

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 841
Author(s):  
Dong Tian ◽  
Yonghong Chen ◽  
Xiaoyong Lu ◽  
Yihan Ling ◽  
Bin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Co Oxidation ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Silica Source ◽  
Co Conversion ◽  
Co Catalytic Oxidation ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

An environmentally friendly method was proposed to prepare mesoporous Mobil Composition of Matter No.48 (MCM-48) using fly ash as the silica source. Silver nanoparticles were infiltrated on MCM-48 facilely by an in situ post-reduction method and evaluated as an effective catalyst for CO oxidation. The as-prepared MCM-48 and Ag/MCM-48 nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption/desorption, and TEM. Investigations by means of XPS for Ag/MCM-48 were performed in order to illuminate the surface composition of the samples. Studies revealed the strong influence of the loading of Ag nanoparticles on catalysts in the oxidation of CO. CO conversion values for Ag/MCM-48 of 10% and 100% were achieved at temperatures of 220 °C and 270 °C, respectively, indicating that the Ag-decorated MCM-48 catalyst is extremely active for CO oxidation.

scholarly journals Fe3O4@C Nanoparticles Synthesized by In Situ Solid-Phase Method for Removal of Methylene Blue

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Hengli Xiang ◽  
Genkuan Ren ◽  
Yanjun Zhong ◽  
Dehua Xu ◽  
Zhiye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Solid Phase Reaction ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
High Concentrations

Fe3O4@C nanoparticles were prepared by an in situ, solid-phase reaction, without any precursor, using FeSO4, FeS2, and PVP K30 as raw materials. The nanoparticles were utilized to decolorize high concentrations methylene blue (MB). The results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity of the Fe3O4@C nanoparticles was 18.52 mg/g, and that the adsorption process was exothermic. Additionally, by employing H2O2 as the initiator of a Fenton-like reaction, the removal efficiency of 100 mg/L MB reached ~99% with Fe3O4@C nanoparticles, while that of MB was only ~34% using pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The mechanism of H2O2 activated on the Fe3O4@C nanoparticles and the possible degradation pathways of MB are discussed. The Fe3O4@C nanoparticles retained high catalytic activity after five usage cycles. This work describes a facile method for producing Fe3O4@C nanoparticles with excellent catalytic reactivity, and therefore, represents a promising approach for the industrial production of Fe3O4@C nanoparticles for the treatment of high concentrations of dyes in wastewater.

scholarly journals Effect of Sintering Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Pressed Fe/FeAl2O4 Composite

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 422
Author(s):  
Kuai Zhang ◽  
Yungang Li ◽  
Hongyan Yan ◽  
Chuang Wang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hot Press ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Hot Press Sintering ◽  
Sintering Method

An Fe/FeAl2O4 composite was prepared with Fe-Fe2O3-Al2O3 powder by a hot press sintering method. The mass ratio was 6:1:2, sintering pressure was 30 MPa, and holding time was 120 min. The raw materials for the powder particles were respectively 1 µm (Fe), 0.5 µm (Fe2O3), and 1 µm (Al2O3) in diameter. The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe/FeAl2O4 composite was studied. The results showed that Fe/FeAl2O4 composite was formed by in situ reaction at 1300 °C–1500 °C. With the increased sintering temperature, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Fe/FeAl2O4 composite showed a change law that initially became better and then became worse. The best microstructure and optimal mechanical properties were obtained at 1400 °C. At this temperature, the grain size of Fe and FeAl2O4 phases in Fe/FeAl2O4 composite was uniform, the relative density was 96.7%, and the Vickers hardness and bending strength were 1.88 GPa and 280.0 MPa, respectively. The wettability between Fe and FeAl2O4 was enhanced with increased sintering temperature. And then the densification process was accelerated. Finally, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Fe/FeAl2O4 composite were improved.

scholarly journals Diffusion-induced in situ growth of covalent organic frameworks for composite membranes

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (45) ◽  
pp. 25802-25807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Manchanda ◽  
Stefan Chisca ◽  
Lakshmeesha Upadhyaya ◽  
Valentina-Elena Musteata ◽  
Mark Carrington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Composite Membranes ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
In Situ Growth ◽  
Covalent Organic Frameworks ◽  
Polymeric Support ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Induction Method ◽  
Covalent Organic Framework

Thin layers of a covalent organic framework (COF) have been synthesized on a flexible polymeric support using a new diffusion-induction method under ambient conditions in reaction times as short as 3 hours.

In-Situ Characterization of Growth and Intermixing at a Heteroepitaxial Interface: Fe on Au(001)

1993 ◽  
Vol 318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Jiang ◽  
A. Chan ◽  
Y.-L. He ◽  
G.-C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Background Intensity ◽  
In Situ Characterization ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Monolayer Growth ◽  
Low Energy Electron ◽  
Energy Dependent

ABSTRACTThe growth and chemical intermixing of submonolayer and a few monolayer thick Fe films on a Au(001) surface was studied by High Resolution Low Energy Electron Diffraction (HRLEED) technique. Through the analysis of the energy dependent angular profiles as a function of time, we obtained the distribution of islands and distribution of spacings during submonolayer growth. The interference of electron waves from different chemical elements in terraces at different heights in the surface contributes to the background intensity and broadening in the angular profiles of diffraction beams. A subsurface Fe capped by Au islands as a result of atomic place exchange was observed at the initial stage of monolayer growth. From the energy dependent angular profiles as a function of temperature, we determine the quantitative change of inhomogeneity length (∼20 Å) at the interface of ultrathin films at elevated temperatures due to intermixing.

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