A Precise Method to Evaluate 360 Degree Measures of Optic Cup and Disc Morphology in an African American Cohort and Its Genetic Applications

(1) Background: Vertical cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) is an important measure for evaluating damage to the optic nerve head (ONH) in glaucoma patients. However, this measure often does not fully capture the irregular cupping observed in glaucomatous nerves. We developed and evaluated a method to measure cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) at all 360 degrees of the ONH. (2) Methods: Non-physician graders from the Scheie Reading Center outlined the cup and disc on digital stereo color disc images from African American patients enrolled in the Primary Open-Angle African American Glaucoma Genetics (POAAGG) study. After converting the resultant coordinates into polar representation, the CDR at each 360-degree location of the ONH was obtained. We compared grader VCDR values with clinical VCDR values, using Spearman correlation analysis, and validated significant genetic associations with clinical VCDR, using grader VCDR values. (3) Results: Graders delineated outlines of the cup contour and disc boundaries twice in each of 1815 stereo disc images. For both cases and controls, the mean CDR was highest at the horizontal bisector, particularly in the temporal region, as compared to other degree locations. There was a good correlation between grader CDR at the vertical bisector and clinical VCDR (Spearman Correlation OD: r = 0.78 [95% CI: 0.76–0.79]). An SNP in the MPDZ gene, associated with clinical VCDR in a prior genome-wide association study, showed a significant association with grader VCDR (p = 0.01) and grader CDR area ratio (p = 0.02). (4) Conclusions: The CDR of both glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous eyes varies by degree location, with the highest measurements in the temporal region of the eye. This method can be useful for capturing innate eccentric ONH morphology, tracking disease progression, and identifying genetic associations.

Socioeconomic Status and Dropout of Children in Community Reading Center

This research was motivated by the low encouragement of dropouts at the Community Reading Center of the Balai Gadang Village to continue their education, which was allegedly due to the low social condition of the family. The purpose of this study (1) is to describe how the social conditions of the family (2) describe the encouragement of children dropping out of school (3) to describe the relationship between family social conditions and the encouragement of children to drop out of school. The type of research used is quantitative correlation. There are 30 people as the population in this study. The technique for taking samples using random sampling, while the sample is 66% of the population to 20 people. The technique for collecting data is a questionnaire/questionnaire. The data analysis technique used theoretical ideal theory, percentage and Spearman Rho. The results of this study found that (1) the social conditions of the family were mostly quite low. (2) the encouragement of children dropping out of school is mostly quite low. (3) There is a significant relationship between family social conditions and the encouragement of children dropping out of school at the Community Reading Center of the Science Post, Balai Gadang Village. In connection with the existing conclusions, the researcher conveys that (1) It is hoped that parents will optimize in terms of looking for daily income and additional income so that their children can get a proper education. (2) It is expected that children who drop out of school can increase their motivation to learn. so that they can get a proper education and can learn both formally and non-formally. (3) It is hoped that more researchers can innovate by researching new variables in order to add and multiply existing variables.Keywords: family social conditions, encouragement of children dropping out of school

Retinal vascular bed area on ultra-wide field fluorescein angiography indicates the severity of diabetic retinopathy

AimsTo quantify retinal vascular bed area (RVBA) in square millimetres on stereographically projected ultra-wide field (UWF) fluorescein angiography (FA) in eyes with diabetic retinopathy (DR).MethodsA prospective, observational study. Baseline Optos 200Tx UWF FA images of 80 eyes with DR from the DAVE (NCT01552408) and RECOVERY (NCT02863354) studies were stereographically projected at the Doheny Image Reading Center to adjust for peripheral distortion. The early-phase FA frame was used to extract the retinal vasculature as a mask for calculating RVBA. The pixels of the retinal vasculature were automatically computed in square millimetres using manufacturer-provided software.ResultsEighteen of 80 diabetic eyes were excluded because image quality and contrast were insufficient for automatic extraction of the retinal vasculature from the background fluorescence. The remaining 62 eyes were included in the final analysis. In comparison with age-matched and sex-matched normal controls, eyes with DR had a higher global RVBA for the entire retina (p<0.001), and RVBA correlated with DR severity (p<0.001), with a higher RVBA in eyes with proliferative DR (66.1±16.2 mm2) than in those with non-proliferative DR (56.2±16.6 mm2) or in normal controls (37.2±9.9 mm2). This tendency was also present in the posterior retina and mid-periphery but absent in the far-periphery. RVBA did not correlate with retinal ischaemia (p>0.05).ConclusionsEyes with DR harboured a larger global RVBA for the entire retina than normal controls, and RVBA appeared to indicate DR severity. However, this biomarker was not observed to be a good indicator of retinal ischaemia.

Innovation In the Development of Taman Baca Masyarakat (Community Reading Center) In Increasing Reading Literacy

This research is motivated by the problem of data from: a). According to UNESCO, there are at least 750 million adults and 264 million out of school children who lack basic literacy skills. According to statistics from UNESCO, out of a total of 61 countries, Indonesia is ranked 60th with a low literacy level; b). According to the Central Statistics Agency of Indonesia in 2003 which can be used as an illustration of the interest in reading of Indonesia, the data illustrates that only 55.11% of the Indonesian population aged over 15 years who reads newspapers on Sundays. When it viewed from gender differences, it appears that women have a higher illiteracy rate than men; it is 1,157,703 men, and 2,258,990 women. The research methodology is descriptive method, qualitative approach, and Purposive Sampling. The results of this study indicate that using analysis SWOT as follows: 1. Strength: getting support from husband, family; 2. Weaknesses: lack of well-maintained collection of books; 3. Opportunities: utilizing increasingly sophisticated technology, can create a generation of people to write and make books starting from a hobby of reading books; 4. Threats: there are no definite rules for visiting to read books, lack of volunteers or inexperienced officers.&nbsp;

Gibt es unterschiedliche Phänotypen bei der geografischen Atrophie der AMD? – Pilotstudie zur Differenzierung mittels multimodaler Bildgebung

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Bei der geografischen Atrophie (GA) im Rahmen einer altersabhängigen Makuladegeneration (AMD) entwickelt sich ein Verlust an Photorezeptoren (PR), retinalem Pigmentepithel (RPE) und Choriokapillaris (CC). Für therapeutische Ansätze ist es entscheidend, welche morphologische Struktur bei einem individuellen Patienten primär geschädigt ist und dann sekundäre Schädigungsprozesse initiiert. Wurde bisher das RPE mit seiner Lipofuszinakkumulation als primär geschädigte und zum Untergang „verdammte“ Struktur bei der Entwicklung einer GA angesehen, so zeigte sich in histologischen Studien, dass bei einigen Patienten primär die Photorezeptoren untergehen mit sekundärem Verlust an RPE und CC oder aber auch primär eine CC-Regression vorliegen kann. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, mittels multimodaler Bildgebung das Ausmaß der Schädigung auf der Ebene der PR, des RPE und der CC zu bestimmen, individuelle phänotypische Variationen der GA zu charakterisieren und die korrespondierenden funktionellen Veränderungen zu untersuchen. Patienten und Methode Bei 20 Augen von 20 Patienten (mittleres Alter 78 Jahre; 14 weiblich, 6 männlich) mit der klinischen Diagnose einer GA wurden Fundusautofluoreszenzaufnahmen (FAF-Aufnahmen) zur Beurteilung des RPE-Schadens, SD-OCT-En-face-Aufnahmen auf der Ebene der PR zur Charakterisierung des PR-Schadens und eine OCT-Angiografie (OCT-A) AngioVue, Optovue, 50 µm CC-Segmentierung mit Lokalisation unterhalb des RPE zur Beurteilung einer Regression der Choriokapillaris vorgenommen. Die entsprechenden Flächen des veränderten Areals wurden in den entsprechenden Schichten vermessen. Bei allen Patienten wurde zudem der Visus bestimmt und eine automatische standardisierte 10°-Mikroperimetrie (MAIA-Mikroperimeter, CENTERVUE; 4-2-Strategie, 68 Untersuchungspunkte) durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen wurden evaluiert und miteinander korreliert. Ergebnisse Alle Augen zeigten eine unterschiedliche Ausdehnung der jeweils atrophen Areale im Bereich der PR, des RPE und der CC. Bei einer Differenzierung der Gesamtgruppe in Bezug auf das jeweils größte atrophe Areal war bei 13 Augen (65%) das größte atrophe Areal auf Ebene des RPE zu beobachten. Bei 3 Augen (15%) war das größte atrophe Areal in der PR-Schicht und bei 4 Augen (20%) auf Ebene der CC zu finden. Während die Visusminderung allein vom Vorhandensein einer fovealen Restinsel abhing, wiesen die mikroperimetrischen Ergebnisse eine Korrelation zwischen dem Ausmaß des nachweisbaren funktionellen Defizits und dem jeweils größten atrophen Areal auf. Schlussfolgerungen Die multimodale Bildgebung mittels FAF, En-face-OCT, OCT-A und die Korrelation mit der Mikroperimetrie als funktioneller Parameter ermöglichen klinisch eine phänotypische Differenzierung der GA sowie eine präzisere Charakterisierung der funktionellen Auswirkungen. Sie bestätigt klinisch die histologisch aufgezeigten Unterschiede der am „intensivsten“ geschädigten Struktur (PR, RPE oder CC) bei der klinischen Diagnose GA. Die in dieser Pilotstudie aufgezeigten Unterschiede müssen allerdings in Reading-Center-basierten größeren Kohorten bestätigt werden. Sie hätten allerdings zentrale Auswirkungen für die Ansatzpunkte, Patientenselektion und klinische Outcome Measures für zukünftige Behandlungsstudien bei der GA.

Functional versus functional and anatomical criteria-guided ranibizumab treatment in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration – results from the randomized, phase IIIb OCTAVE study

Background: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of two individualized ranibizumab retreatment schemes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Methods: Patients (N=671) were randomized (1:1) to receive three initial monthly ranibizumab 0.5 mg injections, then retreatment guided by either best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) loss (Group I) or BCVA loss and/or signs of disease activity on optical coherence tomography (OCT; Group II). The study was terminated prematurely and the decision to discontinue the study was made by the sponsor. Efficacy analyses were performed on patients who completed 12 months of the originally planned 24-month study. Safety analyses are presented for all safety analyzable patients. Results: Of 671 randomized patients, 305 completed 12 months of the study. For the 12-month completers, baseline mean (standard deviation) BCVA and reading-center evaluated central subfield thickness (CSFT) were comparable [Group I: 60.9 (13.10) letters and 517.7(201.79) µm; Group II: 60.2 (12.21) letters and 515.3 (198.37) µm]. The change from baseline at Month 12 in BCVA was 6.7 (13.48) letters in Group I and 8.3 (13.53) letters in Group II and the change in CSFT was −161.3 (163.48) µm and −175.3 (170.45) µm, respectively. The mean number of ranibizumab injections was 8.2 in Group I and 8.4 in Group II. Conclusion: Ranibizumab treatment resulted in visual and anatomic gains at 12 months for both retreatment strategies, with a trend in favor of OCT-guided vs BCVA loss guided retreatment. No new safety signals were seen.

Reproducibility of Fixed-luminance and Multi-luminance Flicker Electroretinography in Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy Using an Office-based Testing Paradigm

Background: We evaluated the reproducibility of office-based flicker electroretinography (ERG) in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Methods: An observational study was conducted in which ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWF-FA) was performed on 20 patients with mild-to-moderate NPDR; images were graded by the Fundus Photography Reading Center (Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA). Fixed- and multi-luminance flicker ERG was repeated four times (greater than or equal to seven days apart). Recording consistency was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs), coefficients of variation, and Pearson correlations. Results: 82.5% and 17.5% of eyes had mild and moderate NPDR using UWF-FA; 90% of the angiograms were given a high confidence grade. Fixed-luminance phase values were highly reproducible (ICC: 0.949; P < .001). There was a significant negative correlation between fixed-luminance phase and log-corrected ischemic index values (−0.426; P = .015). Conclusions: Office-based, fixed-luminance phase values are highly reproducible and negatively correlate with retinal ischemia in NPDR, suggesting that global retinal dysfunction may be reliably quantified early in patients with diabetes.

Functional versus functional and anatomical criteria-guided ranibizumab treatment in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration – results from the randomized, phase IIIb OCTAVE study

Background To evaluate the efficacy and safety of two individualized ranibizumab retreatment schemes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.Methods Patients (N=671) were randomized (1:1) to receive three initial monthly ranibizumab 0.5 mg injections, then retreatment guided by either best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) loss (Group I) or BCVA loss and/or signs of disease activity on optical coherence tomography (OCT; Group II). The study was terminated prematurely, as OCT-guided disease activity monitoring became a recommended retreatment criteria. Efficacy analyses were performed on patients who completed 12 months of the originally planned 24-month study. Safety analyses are presented for all safety analyzable patients.Results Of 671 randomized patients, 305 completed 12 months of the study. For the 12-month completers, baseline mean (standard deviation) BCVA and reading-center evaluated central subfield thickness (CSFT) were comparable [Group I: 60.9 (13.10) letters and 517.7(201.79) µm; Group II: 60.2 (12.21) letters and 515.3 (198.37) µm]. The change from baseline at Month 12 in BCVA was 6.7 (13.48) letters in Group I and 8.3 (13.53) letters in Group II and the change in CSFT was −161.3 (163.48) µm and −175.3 (170.45) µm, respectively. The mean number of ranibizumab injections was 8.2 in Group I and 8.4 in Group II.Conclusion Ranibizumab treatment resulted in visual and anatomic gains at 12 months for both retreatment strategies, with a trend in favor of OCT-guided vs BCVA loss guided retreatment. No new safety signals were seen.