Phytochemical Screening, Spectrum Profile of Functional Groups, and Effervescent Formulation of Kepok Banana Peels Stem Extract

Kepok banana plants contain secondary metabolites such as tannins and flavonoids. Tannins and flavonoids have various properties for human health. Research has been carried out to identify secondary metabolite compounds (tannins, flavonoids, and saponins) by using the phytochemical screening method to see the functional group profile contained in the extract of kepok banana stem waste. Kepok banana stem waste was extracted in 96% ethanol, then evaporated and screened phytochemically. This extract was used to prepare effervescently. Screening results showed that tannin and flavonoids were identified by the appearance of the following color black-green and dark red, respectively. Meanwhile, saponins were negative because the foam formed had a height of 0.3 cm and did not meet the saponins' positive requirements (1-3 cm high foam and stable for 5 minutes). Identification of functional groups in the extract of kepok banana stem waste using Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that C-C stretching in the area 2927.24 cm-1, O-H stretching in the 3423.87 cm-1 area, C=O stretching in the 1648.87 cm-1 area. Also appeared bending CH2 in the region of 1421.45 cm-1, and C-C in the area of 1149.98 cm-1. The characteristics of three different formulas (A, B, and C) of effervescent have been investigated: the moisture content of 2.51%; 2.55%, and 2.52%, respectively. Then, flow rate of 8.81 g/s; 8.83 g/s; and 8.82 g/s, compressibility of 14.5%; 14.4%; and 14.5%, and a pH of 5.97; 5.98; and 5.97 respectively. All parameters are eligible.

Potential Phytochemical Inhibitor from Allium cepa for the Medication of COVID-19 using In-Silico Approach

Infection of extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 triggers Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 has adverse consequences on persons and is getting worse in all nations. The aim of this research is to investigate the development of in-silico approach of phytochemical inhibitor used to fight COVID-19 pathway inhibition. In medicinal plants, there are many phytochemicals, however the bioactive mechanism remains uncertain. In-silico experiments offer additional evidence to confirm the inhibition of medicinal plants. Molecular docking was used to evaluate phytoconstituents from Allium cepa as COVID-19 M-pro inhibitor, compared to remdesivir (standard drug). STITCH database used to predict the interaction network process of the most potential compound. The most potential compound was oleanolic acid. Oleanolic acid with a docking score of -9.20 kcal/mol was reported as anti-COVID-19 activity. This docking score was higher than remdesivir. Oleanolic acid interacted with GLU166, CYS44, HIS41, and THR25 via the hydrogen bond. From STITCH Database, oleanolic acid interact with CASP-9, XIAP, CASP-3 signalling pathway. Oleanolic acid from Allium cepa has been reported as a possible COVID-19 M-pro inhibitor and should be studied in future studies. The experiment indicates that phytochemical inhibitor can be helpful in the medication of COVID-19.

The Effect of CaO Catalyst Mass from Golden Snail Shell (Pomacea Canaliculata Lamarck) on Transesterification Reaction

Biodiesel derived from waste encourages the development of environment-friendly alternative energy. One of the wastes that can be used as biodiesel is waste cooking oil. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil has some advantages such as non-toxic, less Carbon monoxide (CO), and environment-friendly. The produce of biodiesel from waste cooking oil was through transesterification reaction using CaO catalyst derived from golden snail shell. This study aimed to determine the optimum amount of catalyst that produced the highest yield. In this study, methanol was used as solvent by the molar ratio of methanol/waste cooking oil of 30:1, reaction temperature of 65˚C, reaction time for 2 hour, and variations of amount catalyst 3%, 5% and 7% by weight waste cooking oil. Biodiesel was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy showed that the highest yield achieved using 7% catalyst amounts was 93.28%.

Hydrolysis Optimization of Beneng Taro Tubers (Xantoshoma undipes K. Koch) as Bioethanol Raw Material

This study conducted to assess the most appropriate method or hydrolysis of beneng taro tuber to optimize the production of bioethanol to investigate the effect of pHs, times, and temperatures on reducing sugar produced. The concentration of reducing sugar was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The result obtained indicated that the optimum amount of reducing sugar (910,875 mg/L ) achieved at pH 10, hydrolysis time of 3 hours, and the temperature of 90 °C. Fermentation of reducing sugar using the powdered bark of raru plant produced 0,18765 % (v/v) of bioethanol and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced 0,2116 % (v/v) of bioethanol.

Analysis Sulphur (S) Content of SP-36 Fertilizer PT Petrokimia Using In-House and Innovation Method

Fertilizer is an essential component in increasing food self-sufficiency in Indonesia. PT Petrokimia Gresik is one of the fourth-largest fertilizer producers in Indonesia and produces various kinds of fertilizers. One of the fertilizer is SP-36, contains sulphur and phosphate. This study investigated the sulphur (S) content in SP-36 fertilizer using the in-house and innovation method. The difference between the two methods is BaCl2; the in house method used BaCl2 powder, while the Innovation method used liquid BaCl2. Different used of BaCl2 were based on their colloid formation. This study used a UV-Vis spectrophotometer instrument to calculate the sulphur content of SP-36 fertilizer. The results obtained from the research show that the two methods tested can be used to measure the sulphur content in SP-36 fertilizer. The most accurate result was In house method. The average value of sulphur content in SP-36 fertilizer using the in house method is 4,83%, while the average value of sulphur content in SP-36 fertilizer using the innovation method is 5,22%.

Ultrasonic Extraction of Nothaphoebe Coriacea Bark and Its Antioxidant Evaluation

Nothaphoebe coriacea (in Kalimantan, Indonesia, commonly known as gemor) is a native wetland-plants that can grow well in swampy areas. This tree is distributed throughout South and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The bark of Nothaphoebe coriacea is used for bioactive compound source for larvacide, mosquito repellent, hio and glue. The objective of this research was to investigate the ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for the extraction of antioxidants compounds of Nothaphoebe coriacea. The barks were subjected to ultrasound‐assisted ethanolic and hexane extraction followed by fractionation (using ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane) and the antioxidant activity test was performed. The activity of antioxidant was carried out through a DPPH method. The highest antioxidant activities are shown in ethanol extract with IC50 value of 72.36 μg/mL and chloroform fraction of ethanol extract with IC50 value of 54.18 μg/mL.

The Study of Cotton Extraction by Using Microwave Assisted

This work aimed to learn the effect of concentration, temperature, and time of extraction toward physical appearances and also changes in lattice parameters. The failed extraction was exhibited by black, transparent, and undissolved cotton. Meanwhile, successful products were indicated by the white suspension. This research was carried out by using the microwave-assisted machine to extract the cotton. The optimum conditions were reached at 55% acid concentration, 30°C reaction temperature, varied time reaction from 1 to 15 minutes. The refinement by using Rietica’s software and Le Bail’s method showed that the extraction product in a monoclinic crystal structure. It was found the compatibility between experimental data and calculation results. The refinement references were a = 0.82 nm, b = 1.03 nm, c = 0.78 nm, α = γ = 90 º and β = 84. Lattice parameter after hydrolysis was greatly different with cotton, mainly in a.

Determination of Fe Ions Content in Well Water Samples from Dumai Timur Subdistrict of Dumai Municipality

One of the raw water sources in Indonesia is well water. However, the water mostly smells, turbit, and dirty. Dumai Timur is one of the subdistricts in the Dumai municipality that have bad quality water. People use well water for daily activities but the water is the smell and the color is yellowish and leaves rust stain in functional partitions. This rust stain estimated as iron ion (Fe2+ and Fe3+). Iron ion needed in red blood cell formation; however, if it exceeds the defined level, this ions is harmful. This research aimed to identify the iron ions level in well water used by people at Kecamatan Dumai Timur. Samples obtained from some well water in Dumai Timur that consist of five Kelurahan. Technique sampling was random sampling and the iron ion was detected in a laboratory using SNI 6989.4:2009. The result compared with the defined level by the Minister for Public Health No. 416/1990.

Kualitas Biobriket Ampas Tebu Hasil Pirolisis Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif

Saat ini, Indonesia membutuhkan sumber energi yang besar dan mayoritas penggunaan energi di Indonesia menggunakan bahan bakar fosil, yaitu Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM), batubara, dan gas. Penggunaan bahan bakar fosil ini selain merusak lingkungan, juga tidak terbarukan (nonrenewable) dan tidak berkelanjutan (unsustainable). Oleh karena itu, untuk mengantisipasi pencemaran lingkungan diperlukan sumber energi lain yang dapat digunakan masyarakat. Dalam hal ini, biobriket dari ampas tebu dapat menjadi solusinya karena mudah didapat, murah, dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini melakukan 3 pengujian yaitu: kadar air, nilai kalor, dan laju pembakaran di mana pengujian kadar air menggunakan digital moisture meter. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah biobriket dengan perekat kanji 20 g dan 40 g, yang mana dihasilkan kualitas biobriket terbaik dengan perekat yang lebih sedikit.

Pemodelan Farmakofor, Skrining Virtual dan Docking Kandidat Inhibitor Baru Protein Tirosin Kinase VEGFR2

Reseptor faktor pertumbuhan endotel vaskular 2 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 atau VEGFR2) memainkan peranan penting dalam angiogenesis tumor. Penghambatan jalur persinyalan biologisnya oleh senyawa kimia saat ini dianggap sebagai pilihan terapi yang efektif untuk pengobatan kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa kandidat inhibitor baru VEGFR2 menggunakan metode pemodelan molekuler komputasional (in silico) yaitu analisis farmakofor, skrining virtual dan docking. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa senyawa N-(1-chloro-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)-2,6-difluorobenzamide menunjukkan afinitas yang lebih tinggi (-9,8 kkal/mol) terhadap protein reseptor kinase VEGFR2 dibandingkan dengan inhibitor turunan urea yang digunakan sebagai kontrol positif (-9,0 kkal/mol). Interaksi antara N-(1-chloro-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)-2,6-difluorobenzamide dengan VEGFR2 distabilkan melalui ikatan hidrogen dengan Cys917 dengan jarak 2 Å, interaksi hidrofobik dengan Glu883, Glu915, serta interaksi π-sigma dengan Val914 dan Leu838. Prediksi karakteristik toksisitas dengan metode Ames menunjukkan senyawa N-(1-chloro-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)-2,6-difluorobenzamide tidak bersifat mutagenik namun demikian dapat menginduksi kerusakan pada liver. Validasi, optimisasi struktur dan aktivitas lebih lanjut dari senyawa N-(1-chloro-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)-2,6-difluorobenzamide diperlukan untuk memverifikasi potensi inhibisinya dan juga dalam meningkatkan keamanan serta selektifitasnya untuk dapat dikembangkan sebagai kandidat obat kanker.