The Plight of the Orang Asli Women in Malaysia

In the past, Orang Asli women and men were considered equal, even though their roles were very different. As modernization slowly crept into their lifestyles, the gender divide has gotten a lot bigger and the paternalistic culture has taken a hold of many. Some researchers have said the skewed depictions was influenced by both Christianity and Islam, whereby women were considered to be created by supernatural powers alongside the male species. However, there have been accounts of women being the village chief, but as more anthropologists targeted their research on the Orang Asli, the role of a women in the decision making process slowly got relegated. Hence, this review aims to provide the role of Orang Asli women in educating the general public on the usage of wild edibles found in Malaysia and how it could be incorporated into street food to preserve traditional dietary culture. Some of the key challenges, plans, and practical applications are discussed to improve rural development and prepare a holistic mediation guideline to buffer the health and safety of the population.

Janani Suraksha Yojana

Health of the mothers is of prime concern for growth of any country, and their level of empowerment can be significantly related to the place of delivery selected for birth of a child. Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) is an astute attempt towards safeguarding maternal health by Government of India under the flagship health programme, National Rural Health Mission, to promote institutional deliveries among the poor pregnant women. Safe deliveries at the institutions are an indicator of women empowerment and inclusive growth, which paves the way towards economic growth by securing the health and well-being of mothers in rural areas, thereby sustaining productive capacities of women. The chapter assesses the rise in proportion of institutional deliveries among JSY beneficiaries with increased awareness under JSY in Punjab, after carefully assessing the situation of maternal health prevailing in the world, India, and state of Punjab. Further, policy measures have been recommended to augment women's health and empowerment, an inclusive economic growth parameter of country's growth trajectory.

Gender Disparity in Educational Achievement in India

The primary objective of this chapter is to focus on progress of literacy achievement in India and factors influencing literacy rate are identified with regression models. A gender disparity index is prepared to analyse trends in differentials among male-female literacy achievement. India is now facing the challenge of achieving universalization of primary education to achieve status of a ‘literate country'. It is known fact that literacy and primary education are interdependent. A literate country will be a progressive-oriented country. It is observed that educational backwardness is due to various reasons like unsatisfactory progress of policy implementation, high level of illiteracy and dropout rates. Literacy rate is the best possible barometer to judge the level of educational awakening in a state, leading to a minimum capacity for self-learning. The empirical evidence substantiates the factors influencing educational achievement.

Inequality in Pay Ranks Among Factors Impacting Job Satisfaction Among Female Physicians

Job satisfaction has fallen among doctors, and beyond lack of pay parity that averages 25%, female physician job satisfiers differ from male colleagues. Health systems can build upon female physicians' confidence in their abilities to communicate with patients, show empathy, build trust, and elicit patient compliance with treatment plans. Systems must attend to work conditions for young and female cohorts, thereby retaining half of the workforce offering critical care to 7.8 billion people. Ordinal logistic regression was used to analyze data gathered in the U.S. by the Center for Studying Health System Change. Data were used to build a predictive statistical model in concert with independent variables linked to generational and job satisfaction literature. This study revealed statistically significant correlations between factors not only by gender, but also by generational membership. Statistically significant factors affecting job satisfaction among female physicians include provision of quality care to all patients, adequate time spent with patients and income.

International Remittances, Household Welfare, and Women Empowerment

This chapter explores the impact of international remittances on household welfare and women empowerment in Bangladesh. In doing so, primary data and several methods are used. Firstly, this chapter constructs a household welfare index and women empowerment index to measure the level of household welfare and women empowerment, respectively. Secondly, this chapter uses a one-way ANOVA test to analyze respondents' socio-economic features. Finally, linear regression is applied to examine the impact of international remittances on household welfare. This study finds that international remittances have an influence on household welfare improvement but no influence on women empowerment in the study area. This chapter also finds that if a household receives international remittances, the level of household welfare may be increased by Tk. 3167.49. Therefore, this chapter calls for the policies for larger inflows of remittances and its proper utilization in productive purposes.

Factors Affecting the Motivation and Productivity at the Workplace

This chapter mainly explores the significant factors influencing the motivation and productivity of female university teachers in the workplace. This chapter uses primary data and several methods in achieving the objectives. This chapter finds that all the factors considered in the study have a significant impact on the motivation and productivity of female university teachers. The analysis also reveals that almost all the factors of motivation, work environment, and productivity have a relationship with one another. More specifically, this chapter finds that female teachers get motivation and increase their productivity when they are satisfied with their basic needs, job safety, work environment gets support from their families, get self-determination and get supportive behavior from the supervisor. Therefore, this chapter calls for policymakers to take proper initiatives in increasing female university teachers' motivation and productivity by considering the above factors.

Assessing the Environmental and Social Obstacles to Women Entrepreneurs

Economic development is an ultimate goal of developing countries and utilization of human capital to achieve this goal is accepted vital globally. Entrepreneurship, recognized as a central force to bring economic growth, needs more women to be involved in this context. Studies on female-entrepreneurs are missing for developing countries, especially in the context of Pakistan. Therefore, this study is aimed to find the social and environmental factors acting as hindrance to female-entrepreneurship development in Pakistan. Primary data is collected from five major divisions of Pakistan involving 200 social entrepreneurs engaged in running their businesses and contributing towards the social well-being of society. The findings highlighting the major environmental and social factors are generalized and presented against each division in results section. It is concluded that access to finance, social norms, lack of adequate infrastructure, registration facilities, access to marketing, and acknowledgment are among the major factors, which deter their entrepreneurship development.

Menstrual Untouchability

This chapter presents an enquiry into the scourge of menstrual untouchability, which still pervades a large section of Indian society. An attempt has been made to understand the underlying dynamics of the social evil of menstrual untouchability through anecdotal evidence gathered through unstructured theme-based interviews of respondents in Uttarakhand, India. Social norms and the pressure to abide by them have been found major reasons for propagation of menstrual untouchability. The practice of menstrual untouchability has been found to be much less rigidly observed in urban communities and single adult-women households. Isolation during menstrual periods and consequent respite from household chores has also been discovered as a reason for some women submitting themselves to this practice. All these insights have formed the basis for suggestions made to rid the society of evil of menstrual untouchability.

A History of the United States Women's Bureau 1917-1930

This chapter provides historical analysis of the United States Women's Bureau focusing on its role in women's rights, immigration, and economic advancement in the United States from 1917-1930. The decade of the 1920s dawned on August 18, 1920 with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granting women the right to vote in every state. But there was another, less known victory that had already occurred on June 5, 1920, one that was pivotal in the trajectory of the next phase of the women's rights movement throughout the 1920s: House Resolution 13229.

An Observational Study on Women Empowerment in Marketing With Reference to Chennai City

Women's empowerment is much developed compared with the past. Women are working alongside men and making their own decision making in the situations like education, profession career, and lifestyle. It is clear that women can add incrementally to a developing nation's economy. However, the regulatory regime, narrow thinking, and conflict of work-life balance are some of the obstacles that are hindering the growth of women entrepreneurship. The chapter is an attempt to discuss issues like growth of women entrepreneurs globally and in India and contribution of women entrepreneurs. In spite of several obstacles faced by women entrepreneurs like lack of trust by the other party on their capabilities, struggles of managing work-life balance, proving their worth in a patriarchal society, with the increasing potential of women entrepreneurship, several initiatives taken by different authorities and organisations all over the world are playing a pivotal role in encouraging and supporting women entrepreneurs in different parts of the world. Need of the hour is the change in the mindset of the people and increase in the confidence on the capabilities of women entrepreneurs.