Nonmetric ANOVA: a generic framework for analysis of variance on dissimilarity measures

Classic analysis of variance (ANOVA; cA) tests the explanatory power of a partitioning on a set of objects. Nonparametric ANOVA (npA) extends to a case where instead of the object values themselves, their mutual distances are available. While considerably widening the applicability of the cA, the npA does not provide a statistical framework for the cases where the mutual dissimilarity measurements between objects are nonmetric. Based on the central limit theorem (CLT), we introduce nonmetric ANOVA (nmA) as an extension of the cA and npA models where metric properties (identity, symmetry, and subadditivity) are relaxed. Our model allows any dissimilarity measures to be defined between objects where a distinctiveness of a specific partitioning imposed on those are of interest. This derivation accommodates an ANOVA-like framework of judgment, indicative of significant dispersion of the partitioned outputs in nonmetric space. We present a statistic which under the null hypothesis of no differences between the mean of the imposed partitioning, follows an exact F-distribution allowing to obtain the consequential p-value. Three biological examples are provided and the performance of our method in relation to the cA and npA is discussed.

Performance Analysis of RIS-Assisted FSO Communications over Fisher–Snedecor F Turbulence Channels

The Fisher–Snedecor (F-S) F distribution has recently been introduced as a tractable turbulence-induced (TI) fading model that fits well with the experimental data. This paper provides a performance evaluation of a free-space optical (FSO) re-configurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted communications (ACs) link over the F-S F TI fading channels, assuming the intensity modulation–direct detection (IM–DD) technique. In particular, novel and closed-form (C-F) analytical expressions for the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in terms of Gaussian hyper-geometric functions are efficiently derived. Capitalizing on the obtained results, novel C-F analytical expressions for the moment generating function (MMGF), outage probability (OP), average bit error rate (BER) and ergodic channel capacity (Cγ) of the FSO RIS-ACs system over the F-S F TI fading channels are provided and numerically evaluated under the various TI fading severity conditions. Furthermore, the second-order (S-O) statistical expressions for the level crossing rate (LCR) and average fade duration (AFD) are obtained and thoroughly examined for various FSO RIS-ACs system model parameters.

A Method for Detecting Incipient Faults in Satellites Based on Dynamic Linear Discriminant Analysis

Timely detection and treatment of possible incipient faults in satellites will effectively reduce the damage and harm they could cause. Although much work has been done concerning fault detection problems, the related questions about satellite incipient faults are little addressed. In this paper, a new satellite incipient fault detection method was proposed by combining the ideas of deviation in unsupervised fault detection methods and classification in supervised fault detection methods. First, the proposed method uses dynamic linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to find an optimal projection vector that separates the in-orbit data from the normal historical data as much as possible. Second, under the assumption that the parameters obey a multidimensional Gaussian distribution, it applies the normal historical data and the optimal projection vector to build a normal model. Finally, it employs the noncentral F-distribution to test whether a fault has occurred. The proposed method was validated using a numerical simulation case and a real satellite fault case. The results show that the method proposed in this paper is more effective at detecting incipient faults than traditional methods.

The Influence Of Motivation And Work Environment On Employee Performance In Plaza Toyota, Green Garden Branch

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of providing motivation and work environment on employee performance at Plaza Toyota Green Garden Branch, in accordance with the indicators set forth in the theory. The values ​​tested in this thesis use the Quantitative Associative testing formula. The results of the validity test of Motivating Variables (X1) get the results with the number 0.425, then the rcount 0.425> rtable 0.279 is declared valid and the Work Environment variable (X2) gets the result with the number 0.404 which means valid because the rcount is 0.404> rtable 0.279. Followed by multiple linear regression tests that produce constants of 1,775 which means there is a positive significance of providing motivation and work environment on employee performance with the equation Y = 1.775 + 0.462 (X1) +0.448 (X2). From the results of the coefficient of determination test conducted, obtained KD = 0.333 or 33.3% means that 33.3% employee performance is influenced by providing motivation (X1) and work environment (X2), the remaining 66.7% is influenced by other variables that are not included in this study. Besides that, from the F test results, an F value of 3.20 was obtained using the F distribution table and a significance level of 0.005, then a Ftable of 3.20 was obtained. So it can be seen that Fcount> i.e. 11,715> 3.20. Means that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, so that there is a significant influence between the Provision of Motivation and the Work Environment on employee performance at Plaza Toyota Green Garden Branch

COPING WITH THE CHALLENGES IN TEACHING MAPEH SUBJECTS AMONG NON-SPECIALIZED TEACHERS OF DISTRICT 4 IN LAGUNA

This study entitled coping with the challenges in teaching MAPEH subjects among the non-specialized teachers of District 4 in Laguna was conducted to specifically answer the following questions; What is the demographic profile of the Teachers in MAPEH in terms of; Age; Gender; Years in Service; Educational Attainment and Specialization? What is the coping mechanism of the Teachers in MAPEH in terms of: Time Management; Academic Advice and Mentoring; Appraisal Focused; Emotional-Focused; Occupation- focused coping? Do the coping mechanism used by teachers significantly affect the performance of non-specialized teachers teaching MAPEH of District 4 in Laguna? The study utilized a descriptive design to determine the coping mechanism of the non-specialized teachers in MAPEH. The main source data of this study was the survey questionnaire which was prepared by the researcher and statistically treated by the use of simple descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and the mean to determine the significant effect on the performance of the non-specialized teachers in MAPEH of the District of 4 in Laguna. In order to conduct this study, letters were sent to the Schools Divisions Superintendent Dr. Marites A. Ibanez, asking permission and approval to conduct the study, and to the School Principals of the selected schools, asking to distribute questionnaires to the ones teaching MAPEH. Preparation of self-made questionnaire by the researcher followed. The researcher-made questionnaire was checked by the thesis adviser. Face validation of the contents of the questionnaire was done by the adviser of the researcher and other persons with specialization in the field. They were vital members of the education team. Researchers use purposive sampling when they want to access a particular subset of people, as all participants of a study are selected because they fit a particular profile. Each individual was chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population had an equal chance of being included in the sample. The respondents of the study consisted of fifty non-major or non-specialized in MAPEH inn District 4 in Laguna. The purpose of the study may offer literature and findings that may be useful in the conduct of future studies more particularly in the context of communication considering the stressor and how to cope with the challenges of the teachers in teaching a non-major subject. Copies of the questionnaire were multiplied based on the number of the respondents. Then it was administered. With confidentiality, the gathered information was transferred in a tally sheet. Subsequently, codes were assigned to each indicator. The encoded data were given to the researcher’s statistician for the descriptive analysis. The gathered data were interpreted and presented in textual and tabular forms and appropriate interpretation was made. The methods used was statistical to analyze and interpret the data gathered, the weighted mean and the F-test formula which is the statistical test in which the test statistic has an F-distribution under the null hypothesis. It is most often used when comparing statistical models that have been fitted to a data set, in order to identify the model that best fits the population from which the data were sampled. The implication of this research is to find out the importance of how teachers of MAPEH especially the non-majors become aware of learning and dealing with teaching challenges. Have an important mechanism for handling situations related to MAPEH teaching. The result showed that the coping challenges in teaching MAPEH subjects had no significant effect on the performance of the non-specialize Teachers teaching MAPEH subjects of District 4 in Laguna, and therefore the hypothesis was also rejected. KEYWORDS: Coping Challenges, Coping mechanism, Non-Specialized, MAPEH, Stressor

132 Lack of Randomization and Its Impact on Statistical Power and Validity of Statistical Analyses

Allocation of treatments to experimental units (EUs) is done at random. In the presence of a concomitant variable (e.g., initial body weight; iBW), one strategy is to block WUs into iBW groups. However, in some scientific manuscripts, EUs are sorted by iBW and then allocated to treatments (e.g., treatments “A” and “B”) based on iBW, such that the lightest EU receives “A,” the second and third lightest receive “B,” etc. Although this strategy guarantees similar iBW between treatments, this ignores the random process required for statistical analysis of the data. We aimed to quantify the impact of lack of randomization on the statistical power and type I error of completely randomized designs (CRD). Data were simulated for ADG using two treatments (“A” having 50 g/d more than “B,” and MSE=1250 g2/d2). Data were simulated for different replicates per treatment (RepsPerTreat; from 3 to 18, every 3). We used two scenarios for the correlations between iBW and ADG (ρ ADG,iBW): 0 and 0.5. Treatments were allocated to EUs at random (CRD) or according to the order of EUs based on iBW (completely non-randomized design; CNRD). The model included the fixed-effects of intercept and treatment. For ρ ADG,iBW=0, results showed that CRD had greater statistical power (POW) than CNRD for RepsPerTreat from 3 to 9, whereas CNRD had greater from 12 to 18. For ρ ADG,iBW=0.5, CNRD had an even greater POW than CRD starting at 9 RepsPerTreat. Although the type I error (ERROR) of CRD were close to 5% across all scenarios with different RepsPerTreat, CNRD had consistently greater and lower ERROR than CRD with =0 and 0.5, respectively. Having ERROR deviating from 5% is not expected. Visual inspection of the F-values of these models when the null hypothesis was true showed that a distribution other than the theoretical F-distribution, indicating that the statistical test is not valid. Sorting EUs by iBW does not guarantee greater statistical power but results in invalid F-tests.

PENGARUH UPAH MINIMUM TERHADAP TINGKAT PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA PT. TELKOM CABANG BOGOR

This research aims to determine whether the minimum wage is related to the level of work productivity of the production department at PT. TELKOM CABANG BOGOR, to find out whether the minimum wage affects the work productivity of the employees of PT. TELKOM CABANG BOGOR. The sample used was 100 respondents taken by accidental sampling technique in the PT. TELKOM CABANG BOGOR. This research uses simple linear regression. A tool to measure it is assisted by SPSS version 22. The results of the linearity test of the effect of the minimum wage on work productivity, there is a significance value of 0.115 which is greater than 0.05, so there is a linear relationship. The results of the t test show that the minimum wage has a significance level of 0.115 and the t value of 3.345> t table of 1.984 is greater than 0.05. From the results of the F test it can also be concluded that the F-table at df1 = 2 df2 = 97 is obtained from the F distribution table of 3.09 at the 95% confidence level (Alpha = 5%). This proves that Fcount (88,986)> from Ftable (3.09), while the significance (0,000) <from alpha is at the 95% confidence level (Alpha 5%). So that Ha which says there is a significant influence between the minimum wage on the work productivity of the production section at PT. TELKOM CABANG BOGOR accepted. While Ho, which says there is no significant effect between minimum wages on work productivity at PT. TELKOM CABANG BOGOR rejected.

PENGARUH KEPUASAN DAN MOTIVASI MASHASISWA MELALUI WORD OF MOUTH TERHADAP LOYALITAS PADA LP3I CIREBON

ABSTRACTThis study is on the Influence of Satisfaction and Motivation of the Student through Word of Mouth to Loyalty in LP3I Cirebon. The population in this study were 584 students, with 237 Students as the respondents. This study uses questionnaire as a tool to collect data, which is related to the Satisfaction and Motivation of Students through Word of Mouth That has impact to the Loyalty, by using path Analysis.Based on the results of the study are found: 1) There is a positive influence of the student satisfaction and motivation that has impact on the Word of Mouth. By significance test of F distribution, the Fcount value was obtained at amount 49.496. The determination value (R1) obtained by calculation of SPSS 20.0 is 0.291, it shows that 29.1% of the diversity of word of mouth variable is caused by differences in the variables of the student satisfaction and motivation. 2) There is a positive influence of the Student Satisfaction and Motivation Through Word of Mouth, which has Impact to Loyalty, Fcount value is obtained at amount 62.423. Determination (R2) is at amount 0.438, it shows that 43.8% of the diversity of loyalty variable is caused by differences in variables of student satisfaction, student motivation and word of mouth. Total Determination (R2) is at amount 0.842, it shows that 84.2% of the diversity of loyalty variable is caused by differences in variables of student satisfaction, student motivation and word of mouth, and the remaining 15.8% are influenced by other factors beyond the model.Keywords: student satisfaction, student motivation, word of mouth and loyalty.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini tentang Pengaruh Kepuasan dan Motivasi Mahasiswa Terhadap Loyalitas Melalui Word of Mouth Pada LP3I Cirebon. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa/i yang berjumlah 584 Mahasiswa, dengan responden sebanyak 237 Mahasiswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner sebagai alat untuk mengumpulkan data yaitu yang terkait dengan Kepuasan dan Motivasi Mahasiswa Melalui Word of Mouth Yang Berdampak Pada Loyalitas, menggunakan Analisis jalur.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan: 1) Terdapat pengaruh yang positif Kepuasan Dan Motivasi Mahasiswa Yang Berdampak Pada Word of Mouth. Nilai determinasi (R1) yang diperoleh dengan perhitungan SPSS 20,0 sebesar 0,291, ini menunjukkan bahwa 29,1% keragaman variabel word of mouth disebabkan oleh perbedaan variabel kepuasan dan motivasi mahasiswa. 2) Terdapat pengaruh yang positif Kepuasan dan Motivasi Mahasiswa Melalui Word of Mouth Yang Berdampak Terhadap Loyalitas, diperoleh nilai Fhitung sebesar 62,423. Determinasi (R2) adalah sebesar 0,438, menunjukkan bahwa 43,8% keragaman variabel loyalitas disebabkan oleh perbedaan variabel kepuasan mahasiswa, motivasi mahasiswa dan word of mouth. Total Determinasi (R2) adalah sebesar 0,842, ini menunjukkan bahwa 84,2% keragaman variabel loyalitas disebabkan oleh perbedaan variabel kepuasan mahasiswa, motivasi mahasiswa dan word of mouth, sisanya 15,8% dipengaruhi faktor lain diluar model.Kata Kunci: kepuasan mahasiswa, motivasi mahasiswa, word of mouth.