scholarly journals Academia as a league system

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aloys Prinz ◽  
Thomas Ehrmann
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Research Universities ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Recent Attempt ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
University System ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Mature Phase ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Super League

AbstractIn this paper, we explain the stability of top university ranks and discuss attempts to create top national universities. Firstly, it is shown theoretically that in a world with differently-gifted poor and rich students, a three-tier university system may become very stable, with a super league of the best research universities that attract the best students, whether rich or poor. Secondly, it is empirically demonstrated that half of the highest ranked universities enjoy very stable competitive advantages. Thirdly, we examine attempts of China, France and Germany to overcome these disadvantages and to get into this super league. The recent attempt of China to create such super league universities shows the financial and societal costs of these attempts. France demonstrates how the concentration of financial resources on two newly built universities that complement the forces of existing ones—either real or only by labelling—may succeed. Despite the complexly designed and competitive German Excellence Initiative, ongoing since 2004, no German university was among the top 50 in the Shanghai ranking in 2021 (compared to one university in 2004). The mixed results of all these worldwide attempts may reflect the problem that late market entry into the super league may be too costly, given that the classical university business model is in the mature phase of its life cycle.

CURRENT ISSUES OF INTERBUDGETARY EQUALIZATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
A. A. BISULTANOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Current System ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Interregional Differentiation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Stability

The author touched upon topical issues of inter-budget alignment, budget provision of regions with financial resources, focusing on factors that directly affect the stability of the budget system, as well as highlighting problems in the budget sphere that require urgent attention from the authorities. It is concluded that the level of interregional differentiation continues to increase, and the modern mechanism of budget equalization requires urgent amendments and adjustments. It is emphasized that the main goals of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation related to the transition to an innovative type of development, changes in the structure of the national economy, set out in strategic documents and messages of the President of the Russian Federation and declared since 2009, are not being implemented, and the effectiveness of state economic policy and Federal budget expenditures for its implementation remains low. This indicates the need to review the current system.

Efficient assignment of financial resources within a university system. Study of the University of Malaga

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Caballero ◽  
T Galache ◽  
T Gómez ◽  
J Molina ◽  
A Torrico
Keyword(s):  
Financial Resources ◽  
System Study ◽  
University System ◽  
The University

scholarly journals Telomeric G-Quadruplexes: From Human to Tetrahymena Repeats

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Demkovičová ◽  
Ľuboš Bauer ◽  
Petra Krafčíková ◽  
Katarína Tlučková ◽  
Petra Tóthova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Telomeric Dna ◽  
Purine Base ◽  
Telomeric Sequences ◽  
G Quadruplex ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Adenine Base

The human telomeric and protozoal telomeric sequences differ only in one purine base in their repeats; TTAGGG in telomeric sequences; and TTGGGG in protozoal sequences. In this study, the relationship between G-quadruplexes formed from these repeats and their derivatives is analyzed and compared. The human telomeric DNA sequence G3(T2AG3)3 and related sequences in which each adenine base has been systematically replaced by a guanine were investigated; the result is Tetrahymena repeats. The substitution does not affect the formation of G-quadruplexes but may cause differences in topology. The results also show that the stability of the substituted derivatives increased in sequences with greater number of substitutions. In addition, most of the sequences containing imperfections in repeats which were analyzed in this study also occur in human and Tetrahymena genomes. Generally, the presence of G-quadruplex structures in any organism is a source of limitations during the life cycle. Therefore, a fuller understanding of the influence of base substitution on the structural variability of G-quadruplexes would be of considerable scientific value.

scholarly journals Personality Traits Across the Life Cycle: Disentangling Age, Period, and Cohort Effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Fitzenberger ◽  
Gary Mena ◽  
Jan Nimczik ◽  
Uwe Sunde
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Specification Tests ◽  
Age Patterns ◽  
Age Profile ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Economists increasingly recognise the importance of personality traits for socio-economic outcomes, but little is known about the stability of these traits over the life cycle. Existing empirical contributions typically focus on age patterns and disregard cohort and period influences. This paper contributes novel evidence for the separability of age, period, and cohort effects for a broad range of personality traits based on systematic specification tests for disentangling age, period and cohort influences. Our estimates document that for different cohorts, the evolution of personality traits across the life cycle follows a stable, though non-constant, age profile, while there are sizeable differences across time periods.

scholarly journals Characterization of Recombinant Flaviviridae Viruses Possessing a Small Reporter Tag

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomokazu Tamura ◽  
Takasuke Fukuhara ◽  
Takuro Uchida ◽  
Chikako Ono ◽  
Hiroyuki Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Viral Life Cycle ◽  
Luciferase Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Recombinant Viruses ◽  
Nanoluc Luciferase ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Split Luciferase

ABSTRACTThe familyFlaviviridaeconsists of four genera,Flavivirus,Pestivirus,Pegivirus, andHepacivirus, and comprises important pathogens of human and animals. Although the construction of recombinant viruses carrying reporter genes encoding fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins has been reported, the stable insertion of foreign genes into viral genomes retaining infectivity remains difficult. Here, we applied the 11-amino-acid subunit derived from NanoLuc luciferase to the engineering of theFlaviviridaeviruses and then examined the biological characteristics of the viruses. We successfully generated recombinant viruses carrying the split-luciferase gene, including dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and bovine viral diarrhea virus. The stability of the viruses was confirmed by five rounds of serial passages in the respective susceptible cell lines. The propagation of the recombinant luciferase viruses in each cell line was comparable to that of the parental viruses. By using a purified counterpart luciferase protein, this split-luciferase assay can be applicable in various cell lines, even when it is difficult to transduce the counterpart gene. The efficacy of antiviral reagents against the recombinant viruses could be monitored by the reduction of luciferase expression, which was correlated with that of viral RNA, and the recombinant HCV was also useful to examine viral dynamicsin vivo. Taken together, our findings indicate that the recombinantFlaviviridaeviruses possessing the split NanoLuc luciferase gene generated here provide powerful tools to understand viral life cycle and pathogenesis and a robust platform to develop novel antivirals againstFlaviviridaeviruses.IMPORTANCEThe construction of reporter viruses possessing a stable transgene capable of expressing specific signals is crucial to investigations of viral life cycle and pathogenesis and the development of antivirals. However, it is difficult to maintain the stability of a large foreign gene, such as those for fluorescence and bioluminescence, after insertion into a viral genome. Here, we successfully generated recombinantFlaviviridaeviruses carrying the 11-amino-acid subunit derived from NanoLuc luciferase and demonstrated that these viruses are applicable toin vitroandin vivoexperiments, suggesting that these recombinantFlaviviridaeviruses are powerful tools for increasing our understanding of viral life cycle and pathogenesis and that these recombinant viruses will provide a robust platform to develop antivirals againstFlaviviridaeviruses.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effect of Company's Life Cycle on the Cost of Equity

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Mehdi Maranjory ◽  
Samira Keykha
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Mature Phase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Cost

The aim of this study is to investigate effect of company's life cycle on cost of stockholders , in this regard, three hypotheses were developed that a sample of 118 companies during the period of 2009 to 2015 were selected in order test them and regression model and panel data was used to analyze hypotheses. In this study, Dickinson (DeAngelo et al., 2006; Dickinson, 2011; Rahmanian, Moghaddam et al., 2014) company life cycle criteria has been used to separate companies to different steps of company life cycle and the Gordon growth model has been used to measure cost of stockholders. The results show that the cost of stockholders has significant difference with each other in mature phase of Company life cycle Compared with recession of company's life cycle. The results also show that cost of stockholders have significant difference with each other compared with recession of company's life cycle in the growth stage of companies life cycle . Finally, the results show that cost of stockholders have significant difference with each other in the Company life cycle birth and decline compared with the record of company's life cycle.

scholarly journals The Stability of Incremental Analysis Update

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (10) ◽  
pp. 3259-3275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence L. Takacs ◽  
Max J. Suárez ◽  
Ricardo Todling
Keyword(s):  
Digital Filter ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Stability Diagram ◽  
Recent Attempt ◽  
Complex Frequency ◽  
Incremental Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Background Fields

Abstract A recent attempt to downscale the 50-km MERRA-2 analyses to 7 km revealed an instability associated with the incremental analysis update (IAU) procedure that has thus far gone unnoticed. A theoretical study based on a simple damped harmonic oscillator with complex frequency provides the framework to diagnose the problem and suggests means to avoid it. Three possible approaches to avoid the instability are to (i) choose an “ideal” ratio of the lengths of the predictor and corrector steps of IAU based on a theoretical stability diagram, (ii) time average the background fields used to construct the IAU tendencies with given frequency, or (iii) apply a digital filter modulation to the IAU tendencies. All these are shown to control the instability for a wide range of resolutions when doing up- or downscaling, experiments with the NASA GMAO atmospheric general circulation model. Furthermore, it is found that combining IAU with the ensemble recentering step typical of hybrid ensemble–variational approaches also results in an instability based on the same mechanisms in the members of the ensemble. An example of such occurrence arises in an experiment performed with the GMAO 12.8-km hybrid 4D-EnVar system. Modulation of the ensemble IAU tendencies with a digital filter is shown to avoid the instability. In addition, the stability of certain 4D incremental analysis update (4DIAU) implementations is analyzed and a suggestion is made to improve its results, though a complete study of this subject is postponed to a follow-up work.

scholarly journals Activity of Plasmodium vivax promoter elements in Plasmodium knowlesi, and a centromere-containing plasmid that expresses NanoLuc throughout the parasite life cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto R. Moraes Barros ◽  
Kittisak Thawnashom ◽  
Tyler J. Gibson ◽  
Jennifer S. Armistead ◽  
Ramoncito L. Caleon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Rhesus Macaque ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Luciferase Expression ◽  
Parasite Life Cycle ◽  
Anopheles Dirus ◽  
Exogenous Dna ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Background Plasmodium knowlesi is now the major cause of human malaria in Malaysia, complicating malaria control efforts that must attend to the elimination of multiple Plasmodium species. Recent advances in the cultivation of P. knowlesi erythrocytic-stage parasites in vitro, transformation with exogenous DNA, and infection of mosquitoes with gametocytes from culture have opened up studies of this pathogen without the need for resource-intensive and costly non-human primate (NHP) models. For further understanding and development of methods for parasite transformation in malaria research, this study examined the activity of various trans-species transcriptional control sequences and the influence of Plasmodium vivax centromeric (pvcen) repeats in plasmid-transfected P. knowlesi parasites. Methods In vitro cultivated P. knowlesi parasites were transfected with plasmid constructs that incorporated Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium falciparum 5′ UTRs driving the expression of bioluminescence markers (firefly luciferase or Nanoluc). Promoter activities were assessed by bioluminescence, and parasites transformed with human resistant allele dihydrofolate reductase-expressing plasmids were selected using antifolates. The stability of transformants carrying pvcen-stabilized episomes was assessed by bioluminescence over a complete parasite life cycle through a rhesus macaque monkey, mosquitoes, and a second rhesus monkey. Results Luciferase expression assessments show that certain P. vivax promoter regions, not functional in the more evolutionarily-distant P. falciparum, can drive transgene expression in P. knowlesi. Further, pvcen repeats may improve the stability of episomal plasmids in P. knowlesi and support detection of NanoLuc-expressing elements over the full parasite life cycle from rhesus macaque monkeys to Anopheles dirus mosquitoes and back again to monkeys. In assays of drug responses to chloroquine, G418 and WR9910, anti-malarial half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of blood stages measured by NanoLuc activity proved comparable to IC50 values measured by the standard SYBR Green method. Conclusion All three P. vivax promoters tested in this study functioned in P. knowlesi, whereas two of the three were inactive in P. falciparum. NanoLuc-expressing, centromere-stabilized plasmids may support high-throughput screenings of P. knowlesi for new anti-malarial agents, including compounds that can block the development of mosquito- and/or liver-stage parasites.

Novel Micro- and Nano-particles Cellulose Based Pickering Emulsions.

2011 ◽  
Vol 1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Capron ◽  
Hervé Bizot ◽  
Solène Grosbois ◽  
Heiko Winter ◽  
Bernard Cathala
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Pickering Emulsions ◽  
Polymeric Particles ◽  
The Stability ◽  
First Time

AbstractEmulsions are usually metastable systems of two non-miscible phases stabilized by surface active species like surfactant molecules. Emulsions stabilized by solid colloidal particles adsorbed at the interface (Pickering emulsions) offer some competitive advantages with respect to classical emulsions. Most studies published up to now concern emulsions stabilized by inorganic (metallic oxides, exfoliated clays, carbonates and phosphates) or polymeric particles while biomass derived alternatives have only been explored to a limited extent. For the first time, we report the stabilization of emulsions by unmodified cellulose nanocrystals [1, 2] . Cellulose nanocrystals were produced from bacterial cellulose and used to form Pickering emulsions. We demonstrate by SEM that the nanocrystals are adsorbed at the oil/water interface. We also study the size distribution of the droplets that was found to range around 4μm in diameter with very narrow dispersity. The stability of the emulsions was also investigated. The fabrication of new armored microparticles exposing cellulose acicular nanocrystals from cellulose nanocrystals opens opportunities to build materials from low cost and environmental friendly resource.

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