Cortical and Subcortical Anatomy of the Parietal Lobe From the Neurosurgical Perspective

Introduction: The anatomical structures of the parietal lobe at the cortical and subcortical levels are related mainly to sensory, visuospatial, visual and language function. The aim of this study was to present an intraoperative perspective of these critical structures in terms of the surgical treatment of intra-axial lesions. The study also discusses the results of the technique and the results of direct brain stimulation under awake conditions.Materials and Methods: Five adult brains were prepared according to the Klingler technique. Cortical assessments and all measurements were performed with the naked eye, while white matter dissection was performed with microscopic magnification.Results: Intra-axial lesions within the parietal lobe can be approached through a lateral or superior trajectory. This decision is based on the location of the lesions in relation to the arcuate fascicle/superior longitudinal fascicle (AF/SLF) complex and ventricular system. Regardless of the approach, the functional borders of the resection are defined by the postcentral gyrus anteriorly and Wernicke's speech area inferiorly. On the subcortical level, active identification of the AF/SLF complex and of the optic radiation within the sagittal stratum should be performed. The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is a reliable landmark for the AF/SLF complex in ~60% of cases.Conclusion: Knowledge of the cortical and subcortical anatomical and functional borders of the resection is crucial in preoperative planning, prediction of the risk of postoperative deficits, and intraoperative decision making.

Organization of primary medical care for patients with osteoporosis

The author revises the latest evidence in the literature regarding of organizing medical care for patients with osteoporosis in primary medical care. In the world, there is an increase in the group of older people (60 years and older), therefore, the problem of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures becomes very urgent. In Russia, the number of hip fractures will increase by 70% by 2050 compared to 2015. The article provides an overview of studies demonstrating the clinical and cost-effectiveness of population-based screening programs for the identification and subsequent treatment of patients at high risk of fractures, and discusses the issues of secondary prevention of fractures. With the active identification of patients at high risk of fractures and the initiation of antiosteoporotic therapy, a decrease in the incidence of osteoporotic fractures, including hip fractures, is expected.

Sensory Asymmetry Assessment of 8-11 Years Old Children With And Without Learning Disabilities

Symmetry-related symptoms may be important seems to be very important while child development and schooling. In science, there are two approaches for the evaluation of hemispheric differences: method of determination "of rucote" through the survey (Edinburgh test) (Oldfield, 1971) and the method of active identification of motor and sensory asymmetry by Bragina and Dobrokhotova (Bragina & Dobrokhotova, 1988). Тhe methods are widely represented in the modern scientific literature, but no studies have been found that assessed the relationship between the results of testing the functional asymmetry of the brain using the Edinburgh test and tests to determine motor and sensory asymmetry. For this purpose, the author studied and tested research methods aimed at the examination of the inter hemispheric asymmetry in normally developing and mentally retarded children aged 8-11 years identifying the degree of inter hemispheric interaction. The research was carried out in the scientific laboratory of the faculty of special and inclusive education of the Khachatur Abovyan Armenian state pedagogical university. The study involved a total of 131 children aged 8 to 11 years, 73 of them are healthy schoolchildren, as well as 58 children with mild mental retardation.

Phages Bind to Vegetative and Spore Forms of Paenibacillus larvae and to Vegetative Brevibacillus laterosporus

Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), the most destructive bacterial infection in honeybees. Even antibiotic-sensitive strains of P. larvae can produce recurrent AFB months to weeks post-antibiotic treatment due to the survival of bacterial spores. Recently, phages that infect P. larvae have been shown to effectively combat AFB in the field. Here, we present evidence that phages not only bind to vegetative P. larvae but also bind to P. larvae spores. Spore binding was observed in the results of three specific experiments: (1) bacteria counted by flow cytometry generated quantitative data of FITC-labeled phages that were bound to vegetative bacteria as well as those bound to spores, (2) electron microscopy captured images of phages bound to the surface of spores in both horizontal and vertical positions, and (3) phages incubated with P. larvae spores bound to the spores and created plaques in vegetative bacteria under conditions not conducive to spore activation, indicating that binding to spores is reversible and that the phages are still active. Identification of phages with reversible spore-binding capability for use in phage therapy may improve treatment of sporulating bacterial infections.

CONDITION OF MORBIDITY AND QUESTIONS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LEISHMANIASIS IN THE SOGDIAN REGION OF TAJIKISTAN

Since 2003, visceral, and since 2009, skin leishmaniasis has been registered in the Sughd region and remains a significant problem for health care, especially the VL. The main risk group is children of 0–5 years old, whose immune system cannot with-stand leishmania. With late diagnosis and treatment can be fatal. The survey results indicate the epidemic activity of the synanthropic focal point of the VL. According to the epidemiological studies, it can be assumed that the foci of leishmaniasis in the Sogd region are anthropurgic. In many localities, Ph. sergenti is the dominant type of carrier, which is an anthroponotic carrier, and the presence of Ph. papatasi, the main carrier of zoonotic CL, indicates the pathogen circulation in the region.In order to combat leishmaniasis, it is recommended to conduct in the foci an early diagnosis and treatment of patients, active identification, treatment and shooting of sick dogs, extermination of rodents, treatment of residential and other household premises with long-lasting insecticides, sanitary improvement of premises for live-stock from manure, elimination of landfills (especially those containing food and agricultural waste) in the vicinity of localities, the use of impregnated bed curtains and sanitary educational work among the population.