High Prevalence and Early Onsets: Legal and Illegal Substance Use in an Urban Cohort of Young Adults in Switzerland

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Debates about the legalization of illegal substances (e.g., cannabis) continue around the globe. A key consideration in these debates is the adequate protection of young people, which could be informed by current prevalence and age-of-onset patterns. For Switzerland, such information is limited, which is particularly true for women, despite advanced political efforts to legalize cannabis. The objective of the current study was to investigate substance use prevalence rates and ages of onset in a community-representative sample of female and male young adults in Switzerland. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Data came from the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (z-proso). In 2018, participants (<i>N</i> = 1,180, 50.8% females) were ∼20 years old. Lifetime and past-year use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabinoids, stimulants, hallucinogens, opioids, and benzodiazepines were assessed with an extensive substance use questionnaire. Additionally, ages of onsets of the respective substances were estimated by averaging participants’ self-reported ages of onsets from ages 13 to 20 (max. 4 assessments). <b><i>Results:</i></b> 57% of 20-year-olds had used cannabinoids, 16% stimulants, 15% opioids (mostly codeine), and 8% hallucinogens in the past year. Males had higher prevalence than females for most drugs; nevertheless, females’ prevalence rates were notably high. Legal substance use was typically initiated 1.3–2.7 years before legal selling age. Thus, almost half of the sample had consumed alcohol and tobacco by age 14. More than 40% of the total sample had smoked cannabis by age 16. Males initiated use of legal substances and cannabis earlier than females. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> Our recent community-representative data suggested unexpectedly high levels and early onsets of substance use compared to a previous Swiss surveys and also the European average. Drug policy debates should consider urban substance use patterns when considering legalization efforts.

Feasibility of Rapid Case Ascertainment for Cancer in East Africa: An Investigation of Community-Representative Kaposi Sarcoma in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Rapid case ascertainment (RCA) refers to the expeditious and detailed examination of patients with a potentially rapidly fatal disease shortly after diagnosis. RCA is frequently performed in resource-rich settings to facilitate cancer research. Despite its utility, RCA is rarely implemented in resource-limited settings and has not been performed for malignancies. One cancer and context that would benefit from RCA in a resource-limited setting is HIV-related Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: To determine the feasibility of RCA of KS, we searched for all potential newly diagnosed KS among HIV-infected adults attending three community-based facilities in Uganda and Kenya. Searching involved querying of electronic medical records, pathology record review, and notification by clinicians. Upon identification, a team verified eligibility and attempted to locate patients to perform RCA, which included epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory measurements. RESULTS: We identified 593 patients with suspected new KS. Of the 593, 171 were ineligible, mainly because biopsy failed to confirm KS (65%) or KS was not new (30%). Among the 422 remaining, RCA was performed within 1 month for 56% of patients and within 3 months for 65% (95% confidence interval: 59 to 70%). Reasons for not performing RCA included intervening death (47%), inability to contact (44%), refusal/unsuitable to consent (8.3%), and patient re-location (0.7%). CONCLUSIONS: We found that RCA, an important tool for cancer research in resource-rich settings, is feasible for the investigation of community-representative KS in East Africa. Feasibility of RCA for KS suggests feasibility for other cancers in Africa.

The Community College Presidency

The breadth of issues faced by community college presidents today cannot be overstated. While the importance of the position has remained since the creation of community colleges, the roles they play, types of challenges they face, and how they influence and lead their institutions have changed throughout the decades. The roles of presidents today can be examined under four categories: financial officer, community representative, political representative, and academic officer. Through each of these lenses, this chapter explores how presidents lead their institutions under these roles, the responsibility of each role, and the challenges facing contemporary and future community college presidents.

Association between personal values in adolescence and impaired bonding relationship with children

Background Bonding disorders happen as parents cannot build an affective relationship with children and are associated with their psychological and social conditions. Personal values impact well-being and psychological outcomes; however, how personal values influence bonding relationships is unknown. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between personal values in adolescence recalled by adult participants and impaired bonding using a community-representative database. Methods We conducted a retrospective study using cross-sectional data of adults living with children in Japan. Personal values were evaluated by value priorities measured by 11 items from Personal Value Questionnaires, and commitment to values measured by a Japanese version of the Personal Values Questionnaires II. Impaired bonding was evaluated by five items from a Japanese-version of the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale. Odds ratios of value priorities and commitment to values for impaired bonding relationships were calculated after adjusting covariates. Results Of 13,920 people selected by probability proportionate sampling, 466 participants with children under 6 years old were selected for analysis. Personal values on improving society, graduating from school, positive evaluation from others, and pursuing one’s interest were negatively associated with impaired bonding relationship, while personal values on financial success were positively associated with impaired bonding relationship. Commitment to values were negatively associated with bonding problems. Conclusions While a future longitudinal study is needed, the present findings may indicate that personal values in adolescence are associated with their bonding relationship with children.

ANALISIS STRATEGI ISLAMIC COLLECTIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP (ICE): SOLUSI MENGATASI DESA TERTINGGAL

Sektor ekonomi desa memiliki peran substansial bagi kesejahteraan masyarakat dan menjadi tulang punggung perekonomian nasional. Data Kementerian Desa (2018) menunjukkan masih ada 13.232 desa tertinggal karena faktor ekonomi. Adapun kendala besar dalam ketertinggalan desa adalah rendahnya Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM), sehingga dibutuhkan upaya untuk meningkatkan SDM pada desa salah satunya dengan berwirausaha. Hal ini telah dilakukan oleh Desa Gerdu yang berhasil menjadi Desa Wisata Islami. Strategi wirausaha dilakukan secara kolektif yang berlandaskan nilai-nilai Islam atau dikenal Islamic Collective Entrepreneurship (ICE). Peneliti mencoba mengangkat sejauh mana strategi ICE dapat menjadi solusi dalam membangun perekonomian desa, sehingga strategi ini dapat menjadi solusi bagi desa tertinggal lainnya. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan observasi dalam pengumpulan data. Data tersebut diperoleh dari hasil wawancara yang akan dilaksanakan dengan informan dari pemuka masyarakat, perwakilan masyarakat, dan instansi kabupaten. Dari hasil analisa, strategi ICE yang dilakukan Desa Gerdu memiliki 3 (tiga) tahap yaitu: 1. Pendidikan dan Kerjasama, 2. Pelaksanaan dan Pengelolaan, 3. Evaluasi dan Perencanaan. Selain itu, faktor pendorong internal dalam kesuksesan ICE terletak pada keaktifan pemuka dan pemuda desa dalam mempraktikkan ekonomi Islam. Adapun kerjasama dengan pihak eksternal seperti BAZNAS, DISPARPORA, serta lembaga lainnya sekitar desa yang aktif membantu dalam pembangunan desa.The rural economic sector has a substansial role for the welfare of society and the economic support of nation. Data from Indonesian Ministry of Villages (2018) showed 13.232 underdeveloped villages in Indonesia due to economic reasons. The lack of human resources was the major reason. Therfore, the improvement of human resources throught entrepreneurship is needed. One of the successful village throught entrepreneurship is Gerdu Village in Karanganyar, which also has succeeded in becoming an islamic tourism village. The entrepreneurship strategy is carried out collectively based on islamic values or known as islamic Collective Entrepreneurship (ICE). Researchers try to find how far the effecticeness of ICE strategy as a solution for othe underdeveloped villages. This is a descriptive qualitative research with using observation for collecting data. The data is obtained through interviews with some informants: community leader, community representative, and district institution in Karanganyar. The result is the ICE strategy was carried out by Gerdu Village has three stages: 1. Education and Cooperation, 2. Implementation and Management, 3. Evaluation and Planning. In addition, the internal driving factor in ICE’s success lies in the activeness of village leader and youth in practicing islamic economics. The collaborationwith external parties such as BAZNAS, DISPARPORA, as well as other intitution around the village are actively helping in village development

Construcción de una memoria histórica: La celebración del cincuentenario de la Colectividad Israelita en Chile

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el significado de la conmemoración, en 1956, del cincuentenario de la primera celebración del nuevo año judío en Chile. Esta conmemoración implicó establecer el acontecimiento de 1906 como hito fundante de la vida judía organizada en Chile, con la finalidad de entregarle un sentido de comunidad, unidad y coherencia al grupo a mediados del siglo XX. Se aborda el aniversario del cincuentenario desde un punto de vista crítico, considerando que uno de sus productos más relevante fue la publicación del libro Historia de la Colectividad Israelita de Chile, de Moises Senderey, el que se convirtió en un referente esencial para la historiografía de los judíos en Chile. Sin embargo, este texto no ha sido contextualizado ni considerado como parte de la consolidación de la comunidad imaginada de los judíos en Chile. Además del libro de Senderey, se utilizan como fuentes primarias publicaciones periódicas, como La Palabra Israelita, y documentos del Comité Representativo de la Colectividad Israelita.Construction of the Jewish memory: Commemoration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Israeli Community in ChileAbstractThis article is aimed to analyze the significance of the Commemoration in 1956 of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the first celebration of the Jewish New Year in Chile. This commemoration implied to establish the 1906 event as a foundation landmark in the organized Jewish life in Chile to give a sense of community, unity, and coherence to the group in the middle of the Twentieth century. This Fiftieth anniversary is addressed from a critical point of view considering as one of its most relevant products the publishing of the book Historia de la Colectividad Israelita de Chile by Moises Senderey, an essential referent for the Jewish historiography in Chile. However, this text is not contextualized nor considered a part of the consolidation of the imagined Jewish community in Chile. Besides Sinderey’s book, sources used are primary periodical publications as La Palabra Israelita, and documents of the Israelite Community representative Committee.Keywords: Chilean Jewish Historiography, Jewish collective memory, organizedJewish life, ChileConstrução de uma memória histórica: A comemoração do cinquentenário da Coletividade Israelense no ChileResumoO objetivo deste artigo é analisar o significado da comemoração em 1956 do cinquentenário da primeira celebração do novo ano judeu no Chile. Esta comemoração implicou estabelecer o acontecimento de 1906 como marcofundacional da vida judia organizada no Chile, a fim de entregar-lhe um sentido de comunidade, unidade e coerência ao grupo em meados do século XX. Trata o aniversário do cinquentenário desde um ponto de vista crítico, considerando que um dos seus produtos mais relevantes foi a publicação do livro História da Coletividade Israelense do Chile, de Moisés Senderey, que se tornou um referente essencial para a historiografia dos judeus no Chile. No entanto, este texto não tem sido contextualizado nem considerado como parte da consolidação da comunidade imaginada dos judeus no Chile. Além do livro de Senderey, são utilizadas como fontes primárias publicações periódicas, como A Palavra Israelense, e documentos do Comitê Representativo da Coletividade Israelense.Palavras-chave: historiografia judia chilena, memória coletiva judia, vidajudia organizada, Chile

Chinatown by numbers

This article explores the potential of the LL to evaluate ethnically-defined spaces. Focusing on the area referred to as ‘Chinatown’ in central Liverpool, it examines the relationships between space, representation, and identity. Interviews with actors and passers-by indicate that the location and definition of Chinatown are interpreted inconsistently. As the article argues, however, the LL contains useful information for locating and qualifying the ethnic space. Scrutinizing both interview data and an empirical corpus of all the texts visible in the space, the article aims to define the borders of Chinatown, and the expression of ethnic identity therein. Whilst testifying to the commodification of aesthetic ideals and symbolic imagery, the LL simultaneously reveals an in-group community representative of authentic Chineseness. Exploring the dynamics of linguistic exclusion and accommodation, the data indicate not only that the identity of Chinatown is multi-layered, but also that its borders are subjective and not definable spatially.