Evaluation of Tramadol, Pentazocine Lactate and Meloxicam as Pre-emptive Analgesics for Pain Management in Canine Ovariohysterectomy

Background: It is usually accepted that some degree of post-surgical pain will be commonly present. There are different pain scales adopted in veterinary practice to assess these behavioural signs to measure pain. VAS had been used in human medicine for many years to measure pain and was found equally satisfactory in dogs. Pre-emptive analgesia (PEA) is grasping popularity in recent days, the concept of which originated during the time of growing appreciation of dynamic characteristics of pain pathway for obtaining effective analgesia prior to the surgical trauma. Methods: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tramadol, pentazocine lactate and meloxicam as pre-emptive analgesics in dogs premedicated with glycopyrrolate, induction and maintenance with propofol continuous rate infusion (CRI) for certain clinical and physiological parameters. The animals were randomly divided into three equal groups viz. Group-T, Group-P and Group-M comprising six animals in each group and all were premedicated with glycopyrrolate, I/M. After 10 minutes of pre-anaesthetic administration, pre-emptive analgesia was given (Tramadol in Group-T, Pentazocine lactate in Group-P and Meloxicam in Group-M intravenously). After 10 minutes of pre-emptive analgesic administration, induction was achieved with propofol I/V and also maintained by CRI method up to 1 hour. Clinical and physiological parameters were recorded at 0 (baseline) minute before premedication, thereafter at 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr and 3 hr after pre-emptive analgesic administration. Result: There was no sedation observed within 10 min following pre-emptive analgesia and quality of sedation was recorded as score-0 in all the groups. Time for induction was significantly higher in group-M as compared to group-T and P. Quality of induction in all the groups ranged from score-0 to score1, assessment of peri-operative analgesia was recorded as score-0 in group-T and group-P, whereas in group-M it ranged from score-0 to score-1. Depth of anaesthesia was recorded as score-0 to score-1 in all the groups and quality of recovery was recorded as score-0 to score-1 in group-T and group-P and score-1 to score-2 in group-M. Assessment of post-operative analgesia by VAS was significantly lower in group-T as compared to group-P and M. In all the three groups, the heart rate increased significantly at 30 min interval and thereafter it decreased significantly till the end of the study. Respiratory rate also decreased significantly till 1 hr and thereafter it gradually increased till the end of study in all the groups. Rectal temperature, SpO2, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure decreased significantly at 30 min and thereafter increased gradually and approached base values in all the groups.

Analysis of the Misconceptions of Class XII High School Students in Pekanbaru by Using the Certainty of Response Index (CRI)

One of the misconceptions can be identified by using CRI (Certainty of Response Index). The purpose of this study was to identify the misconceptions of class XII high school students in the city of Pekanbaru on the material of Photosynthesis and Plant Respiration using the Certainty of Response Index (CRI) method. This research is a survey research. The location of this research was carried out at two high schools in Pekanbaru, namely SMA N 15 Pekanbaru and SMA IT Az-Zuhra Pekanbaru. The number of samples in this study is the total population of the two SMAs. The data collection technique was carried out using a written test instrument in the form of a multiple choice test accompanied by CRI. The average percentage of students' misconceptions of SMA IT AZ-ZUHRA and SMAN 15 Pekanbaru on the concept of photosynthesis, the highest percentage is in the sub-concept of the benefits of photosynthesis for plants by 96.15% and the lowest percentage is in the sub-concept of photosynthetic pigments at 53.19%. The average percentage of students' misconceptions at SMA IT AZ-ZUHRA and SMAN 15 Pekanbaru on the concept of plant respiration, the highest percentage is found in the sub-concept of understanding respiration in plants of 84.62%. The lowest percentage is found in the sub-concept of understanding breathing and the sub-concept of when plants breathe, each of which is 67.58%.

DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF STANDARDS ON LED TECHNIQUE AND LIGHTING WITH ITS USE

One of the main tasks of high-quality lighting is to provide comfortable visual work and adequate perception of illuminated objects by obtaining light with a wide range of correlated color temperatures with high color rendering quality. The paper analyzes the shortcomings of national regulatory documents on establishing tolerances for the color of lamps and fixtures using LEDs and evaluating their quality in color reproduction. Instead of using Mac Adam ellipses on the SIE 1931 (x, y) color chart for establishing the color requirements it is recommended to use circles on the 1976 SIE (u ', v'), and evaluate the color rendering quality using the CRI method, additionally apply the CQS and TM 30-18 methods. Due to the fact that the spatial color of LED luminaires can be inhomogeneous, it is recommended to indicate both the average color and color in a certain direction, as well as an indicator of the color heterogeneity. The necessity of developing standards for protection against unwanted non-visual biological effects, as well as other negative effects of artificial light, in particular, excessive brightness, pulsation of the light flux, photobiological hazards, etc., is substantiated. Considering the importance of the influence of light pulsation on the quality of lighting, before the development of CIE or IEC standards, it is recommended that national standards for LED lamps and luminaires include the requirements for description of pulsation parameters and measurement methods in accordance with the recommendations of IEEE 1789-2015 standard, which is the most advanced today. For the design of ergonomic lighting, it is proposed to provide information on lamps and luminaires related to their maximum brightness. When developing new criteria for lighting, taking into account the visual impact, it is already possible to use the knowledge accumulated by this time, in particular, for creation of biologically active and biologically dimmed light by changing the spectral composition of radiation and illumination. Proposals related to the limits of the correlated colour temperature, brightness, level of pulsation for lighting of children and educational institutions, residential premises and the like are also considered. Recommendations on the development of new national standards of Ukraine harmonized with international ones are also provided. Keywords: сolor rendering index, percent flicker, correlated colour temperature, illumination, photobiological safety

Identifikasi miskonsepsi siswa SMA pada topik ekosistem

This study aims to obtain information about the misconception of high school students on ecosystem topic. The method that used in this research is descriptive method, and this research takes two schools in Bandung city as sample of the research. Selected schools are schools with high grade passes and low grade passes in Bandung. This study uses three-tier problem as a research instrument combined with CRI method that has been modified. In addition, teacher and student interviews were conducted to obtain information on learning activities that were thought to be factors of misconception. The result of research shows that student has misconception in all concepts that was tested to. In particular, the school with high passing grade has misconception in 12 concept from 27 conception tested. The concept with the highest percentage of students is found in the concept of food webs in context the definition of food web. While the students in schools with low-grade passing experience misconceptions as many as 17 concepts with each context from the 27 concepts tested. The concept that has the highest percentage is concept about energy flow with the context of energy flow sequence. Based on the results of the interviews, it was found that learning was conducted by using lecture method and used the power-point presentation as the only media in learning. With this kind of learning, students with misconceptions are mostly bored with learning, and lose interest in caring for teachers. In addition, most students admitted that the students do not understand the explanation given by the teacher, so look for alternative sources of referral of learning such as textbooks, worksheets, and reference sources from the internet.

Analysis of Students Misconception in Completing Mathematical Questions Using Certainty of Response Index (CRI)

The misconception is a notion of an understanding that is inconsistent with a scientific notion or an interpretation of the relationship of unacceptable concepts. This study conducted to identify the misconception of students of class VIII MTs Negeri 9 Cirebon on the concept of a tangent circle. The research method used is a mixed method. Sampling using random sampling, so that obtained 48 student samples. The instruments used in this study were multiple choice objective tests accompanied by Certainty of Response Index (CRI) method and diagnosis interview. Based on its completeness, the analysis shows that misconceptions appear on sub concepts tangent of the circle of 34,5%, a tangent to two circles of 35,6%, an outer circle and an inner circle of the triangle of 33,3%. On average misconceptions that occur in students that are at sub concepts, tangent two circles on about ten percentage are 43,8%. This analysis shows that misconceptions in the student because students do not understand the concept fully and connecting one concept to another with partial understanding, resulting in the student, makes the wrong conclusions. Based on analysis of these data showed that the CRI effectively used to determine the misconceptions and effective diagnostic interview used in knowing the reason students are causing students had misconceptions.

AS-CRI: A New Metric of FTIR-Based Apparent Spectral-Contrast Radiant Intensity for Remote Thermal Signature Analysis

Infrared signature analysis that considers both the target and background is fundamentally important to the development of target detection systems as well as in the design of ships for thermal stealth. This paper presents the analysis results of long-term infrared signature variations in terms of the apparent spectral-contrast radiant intensity measured using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-based hyperspectral images. A novel apparent spectral-contrast radiant intensity (AS-CRI) measure is proposed to evaluate the spectral infrared signature accurately at the sensor point of view. The spectral information by AS-CRI can provide the optimal band for either target detection or thermal stealth purposes, considering the background and atmospheric transmittance. In addition, the effects of seasonal and weather variations were analyzed from the long-term hyperspectral image database constructed during 2018.01–2018.08 (three times a day). A TELOPS HYPER-CAM MWE camera was adopted to acquire 374 bands in 1.5–5.5 μm. The automatic weather system (AWS) can provide 24 h weather recordings for the signature evaluation. The experimental results validate the utility of the novel AS-CRI method to find spectral bands for a range of infrared signature applications including small infrared target detection.

EFFECTIVENESS OF SHOPEE TELEVISION ADVERTISING THEMED "SUPER GOYANG SHOPEE" IN JAKARTA SOCIETY

Shopee is a company engaged in e-commerce or commonly called online goods sales. This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Shopee advertisements on television to the people of Jakarta. Shopee as an advertiser uses advertising with the aim to attract new consumers to shop at Shopee. The effectiveness of advertising is measured using the Customer Response Index (CRI) measurement method. The CRI method measures the response of Shopee ad audience from various stages, starting from awareness, comprehend, interest, intentions, and actions. This response stage in the CRI is used to measure the effectiveness of Shopee advertisements with the theme "Super Goyang Shopee". In this study, effectiveness is illustrated in the theory of integrated marketing communication and the theory of the effectiveness of advertising. This type of research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The results of this study were Shopee advertisements on television in the effective Jakarta community and managed to meet the goals that Shopee wanted to achieve, namely at the interest stage of 66%.