Pattern and direction of groundwater flow and distribution of physical-chemical properties of groundwater in Randublatung basin

The people in the Randublatung basin (Grobogan, Blora, and Bojonegoro Regencies) using groundwater for daily needs and agriculture activity. As the initial step of basin-based groundwater management, it is necessary to understand the groundwater potential in this area: pattern and direction of groundwater flow and groundwater physical-chemical properties (pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity). This research aims to analyze the pattern and directions of groundwater flow, the physical-chemical properties, and the correlation between the two. This research method is field measurement of 45 different spots of dug wells in the Randublatung basin. Our results indicate that the pattern and direction of groundwater flow in the Randublatung basin are heading to Bengawan Solo River and then following the river’s flow. The groundwater physical-chemical properties measured: pH value is 6.8 on average, the temperature is 28.9 °C on average, TDS concentration is 409 mg/L average, and electrical conductivity rate is 843 μS/cm average. There is no significant correlation between groundwater flow with pH value and groundwater temperature. However, groundwater TDS concentration and electrical conductivity rate in the Randublatung basin increase as groundwater flows to the Bengawan Solo River, which is affected by the minerals of aquifer rocks (alluvial deposits).

CONCENTRATION OF IRON AND MAGNESIUM IN GROUND WATERAT NORTH BELA OF DARBHANGA DISTRICT (BIHAR)

Excessive levels of Fe, Mg and TDS are the main factors affecting groundwater quality at North Bela, Darbhanga. However, there are few studies on the source and effect of Fe, Mg and TDS concentration in the groundwater. This study takes at North Bela of Darbhanga city in Bihar state as an example, where the source and effect of Fe, Mg and TDS concentration in groundwater in the study area were analyzed. The results show that the source of Fe and Mg in the groundwater of the platformis the iron and Magnesium nodules in the soil layer. The TDS, fluctuation in groundwater levelsarethe important factors affecting the content of Fe and Mg in groundwater.This studyprovides a basis for the rational utilization of groundwater and protection of peoples health in these areaswith high iron, magnesium and TDS concentrations.

Impacts of Feedwater Quality Change on the Oldest Continuously Operated Brackish-Water Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant in the United States

Brackish groundwater is abundant in many coastal zones of the world. The water can be economically treated with low-pressure reverse osmosis. A key issue is the stability of the feedwater pumped from groundwater systems. Commonly, groundwater solute-transport models are used to evaluate the long-term changes in salinity with time that impact brackish-water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination system process design. These models are run to assess changes over a 20- to 40-year period. The City of Cape Coral, Florida operates two regional BWRO facilities with the South Plant being the oldest continuously operated system in the world. This facility has a capacity of 68,182 m3/d and can treat raw water with a total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration up to 4000 mg/L. Two solute transport models were constructed to evaluate future salinity change in the groundwater source. The first model conducted in 1991 produced a range of probable changes with a high, most probable (mid), and low range. Actual data confirm the low range of the model produced an accurate result (within 15%) and that the 4000 mg/L threshold would not be exceeded until beyond 2031. The second modeling effort conducted in 2014 suggested that the 4000 mg/L TDS threshold would be reached in 2018, which did not happen. The use of real data and regression analyses for all wells suggests that the 4000 mg/L TDS concentration will not be exceeded until after 2060. Once the TDS threshold is reached, the plant would require a process change to allow treatment of higher TDS water. The current analysis shows that plant process design modification would not be required for up to 40 years into the future. The standard conceptual model assuming predominantly upward recharge during pumping was accurate with the addition of an enhanced zone of leakage caused by a fracture zone or a fault. A key issue that contributed to the success of the facility was the use of groundwater solute transport modeling prior to the final design of the membrane process during plant expansions.

Stratigraphic and structural controls on groundwater salinity variations in the Poso Creek Oil Field, Kern County, California, USA

Groundwater total dissolved solids (TDS) distribution was mapped with a three-dimensional (3D) model, and it was found that TDS variability is largely controlled by stratigraphy and geologic structure. General TDS patterns in the San Joaquin Valley of California (USA) are attributed to predominantly connate water composition and large-scale recharge from the adjacent Sierra Nevada. However, in smaller areas, stratigraphy and faulting play an important role in controlling TDS. Here, the relationship of stratigraphy and structure to TDS concentration was examined at Poso Creek Oil Field, Kern County, California. The TDS model was constructed using produced water TDS samples and borehole geophysics. The model was used to predict TDS concentration at discrete locations in 3D space and used a Gaussian process to interpolate TDS over a volume. In the overlying aquifer, TDS is typically <1,000 mg/L and increases with depth to ~1,200–3,500 mg/L in the hydrocarbon zone below the Macoma claystone—a regionally extensive, fine-grained unit—and reaches ~7,000 mg/L in isolated places. The Macoma claystone creates a vertical TDS gradient in the west where it is thickest, but control decreases to the east where it pinches out and allows freshwater recharge. Previously mapped normal faults were found to exhibit inconsistent control on TDS. In one case, high-density faulting appears to prevent recharge from flushing higher-TDS connate water. Elsewhere, the high-throw segments of a normal fault exhibit variable behavior, in places blocking lower-TDS recharge and in other cases allowing flushing. Importantly, faults apparently have differential control on oil and groundwater.

Geochemical Characterization of Geothermal Spring Waters Occurring in South Part of Gujarat and West Coast Geothermal Province of Maharashtra, India

Geothermal waters are extensively useful for various purposes such as in industrial plants, societal benefits, irrigation, and domestic consumptions. However, its physiochemical characterization is very important before using it for any rationale. The main objective of this paper is to identify the hydro-chemistry of geothermal water which is placed in southern part of Gujarat such as Unai hot springs and Saputara geothermal springs, and west coast geothermal province (WCGP) like Tural-Rajwadi group of hot springs. The standard methods were used to carry out the analysis of geothermal water. Piper, Stiff, Gibbs, Extended Durov, and Wilcox diagrams have been plotted to categorize water samples in facies. Spatial distribution curves have also been plotted for geothermal regions of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The geochemistry of groundwater is influenced by the presence of most important ions like Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, and SO42-. Geothermal spring of Unai contains high TDS concentration around 1000 mg/l thus it cannot be used for drinking purposes but it can be utilized for domestic, balneology, and industrial purposes. However, after desalination this water can be utilized for drinking purposes. In Tural-Rajwadi hot springs TDS concentration was > 900 mg/l and pH range was between7-8 hence it can be used for domestic and industrial purposes. The temperature range of Tural-Rajwadi geothermal hot spring is 55-65°C which is very useful for milk pasteurization, industrial operations, space heating, balneology facilities like greenhouses and aquaculture ponds, and domestic purposes.

Groundwater vulnerability risk assessment in south Darb El Arbaein, south Western Desert

Groundwater resources in the south Darb El Arbaein are currently threatened by agricultural impact and rock water interaction associated with over exploitation. Planning of Nubian sandstone aquifer is required, especially in this new invest area. It is implemented by GIS to establish vulnerability areas and to evaluate protocol plans for hydrogeological parameters and soil. The TDS concentration ranged from 750 to 1350 ppm, confirms the impact of non-point source (agricultural activity). It is because recharging Nile water has TDS concentration of 100–300 ppm. Aquifer vulnerability delineation areas by lithogenic and anthropogenic sources have been recently highlighted for water resources systems planning and management. The correlation among hydrogeological, geological, and hydrogeochemical characteristics was discussed and achieved. Ten stratified beds were matched by GIS with specified average weights to them according to their relative importance for groundwater vulnerability. The chosen layers are TDS, aquitard thickness, water depth, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, slope, total hardness (TH), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), discharge rate (Q), and screen length. The groundwater impact distribution reflect five categories ranged from no to excellent aquifer potential levels. Class I (very low vulnerability) was in the northern part and contains 11.1% (16.02 km2) of the area. While very high vulnerability (class V) was in southeast, east, it represents 10.4% (14.96 km2). The preferred invested area was northeast rather than other areas; otherwise, the groundwater degradation enhanced. The vegetation/ or barren lands were established by band 4/band 3, band 3/band 4 ratios and composite RGB 7, 4, and 1 satellite images.

Partial Desalination of Saline Groundwater: Comparison of Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Capacitive Deionisation

Saline groundwater (SGW) is an alternative water resource. However, the concentration of sodium, chloride, sulphate, and nitrate in SGW usually exceeds the recommended guideline values for drinking water and irrigation. In this study, the partial desalination performance of three different concentrated SGWs were examined by pressure-driven membrane desalination technologies: nanofiltration (NF), brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO), and seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO); in addition to one electrochemical-driven desalination technology: membrane capacitive deionisation (MCDI). The desalination performance was evaluated using the specific energy consumption (SEC) and water recovery, determined by experiments and simulations. The experimental results of this study show that the SEC for the desalination of SGW with a total dissolved solid (TDS) concentration of 1 g/L by MCDI and NF is similar and ranges between 0.2–0.4 kWh/m3 achieving a water recovery value of 35–70%. The lowest SECs for the desalination of SGW with a TDS concentration ≥2 g/L were determined by the use of BWRO and SWRO with 0.4–2.9 kWh/m3 for a water recovery of 40–66%. Even though the MCDI technique cannot compete with pressure-driven membrane desalination technologies at higher raw water salinities, this technology shows a high selectivity for nitrate and a high potential for flexible desalination applications.

Characterization of the performance of venturi-based aeration devices for use in wastewater treatment in low-resource settings

Low-cost aerators relying on the venturi principle to entrain air into flowing water have the notable advantage of contributing both to water mixing and oxygen transfer, making them attractive for wastewater treatment in low-resource settings. This study aimed to characterize the performance of such aerators by describing the impact of different design characteristics, including water flow rate, the number of nozzles used, and the nozzle depth. The study also explored the effect on aeration performance of temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration, and addition of the archetypal surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Tests were conducted in a 200 L reactor with 2, 3 or 4 nozzles, at depths of 20, 40 or 60 cm, while circulating water through the aeration device at a rate of 400, 600 or 800 L/h. The configuration that yielded the highest mass transfer coefficient (KLa20 of 20.8 h-1) had both the highest flow rate (800 L/h) and the smallest number of nozzles (2). Nozzle depth had no detectable effect on performance. The configuration with the highest standard aeration efficiency (SAE) had a low flow rate (400 L/h) and 4 nozzles. The effect of TDS concentration was not detected in the concentration range typical of domestic wastewater (300–1 250 mg/L). The effect of temperature on KLa followed a first-order exponential curve, as reported in the literature (θ = 1.02). Addition of SDS was found to increase the KLa20 of the tested aerator design by up to 60% of its value in tap water, in contrast to results from literature. The performance data obtained herein was compared to other types of aerators. Though venturi nozzles were found to be less efficient than other available technologies, it is proposed that using plunging rather than immersed venturi nozzles could increase performance to an attractive level for low-resource applications.

TINJAUAN KUALITAS DAN DAMPAK EKONOMI KONSENTRASI TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID (TDS) AIR DI AREA PERTAMBAKAN DESA BULUMANIS KIDUL

ENGLISHHigh Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) concentration can increase salinity ultimately reduce the availability of dissolved oxygen (DO). Objectives of the research are to Bulumanis Kidul village aquaculture area : (1) determine the irrigation channels TDS concentration, (2) determine the fishpond pools TDS concentration, (3) conduct the aquaculture economic review to fishpond pools water exchange. This research used descriptive method. Primary data is TDS data of water samples taken on July 7, 2013 and secondary data from the relevant documents. Sampling of water in Bugag and Daleman irrigation canal, Block Kali Bugag 6 samples and Block Kali Daleman 3 samples. Analysis data by descriptive analysis. TDS concentration data of water sample compared with Class III water quality criteria in the Goverment Regulation Number 82 of 2001. While results of literature and documents study are presented in narrative form. The results are : (1) TDS concentration in Bugag and Daleman irrigation canal not fulfill the Class III water quality criteria, (2) TDS concentration in and Block Kali Bugag and Block Kali Daleman fishpond pool not fulfill Class III water quality criteria, (3) the water exchange or mixing in a short time due to the unfavorable water source conditioncan reduce the business profit. INDONESIAKonsentrasi Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) tinggi dapat meningkatkan salinitas yang akhirnya mengurangi ketersediaan oksigen terlarut (DO). Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk area pertambakan Desa Bulumanis kidul : (1) mengetahui konsentrasi TDS saluran irigasi, (2) mengetahui konsentrasi TDS kolam tambak, (3) melakukan tinjauan ekonomi terhadap penggantian air kolam tambak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Data primer yaitu data TDS sampel air yang diambil pada 7 Juli 2013 dan data sekunder dari dokumen yang relevan. Pengambilan sampel air di saluran irigasi Bugag dan Daleman, Blok Kali Bugag sebanyak 6 sampel dan Blok Kali Daleman sebanyak 3 sampel. Analisis data secara deskriptif. Data konsentrasi TDS sampel air dibandingkan dengan kriteria mutu air kelas III dalam PP No. 82 Tahun 2001. Sedangkan hasil studi literatur dan dokumen disajikan dalam bentuk narasi. Hasil penelitian adalah (1) konsentrasi TDS di saluran irigasi Bugag dan Daleman tidak memenuhi kriteria mutu air kelas III; (2) konsentrasi TDS di kolam tambak Blok Kali Bugag dan Blok Kali Daleman tidak memenuhi kriteria mutu air kelas III; (3) penggantian atau pencampuran air dalam waktu yang singkat karena kondisi sumber air yang kurang baik dapat mengurangi keuntungan usaha.

Familias de agua subterránea y distribución de sólidos totales disueltos en el acuífero de La Paz Baja California Sur, México

The aquifer of La Paz has been overexploited for several years, causing contamination by seawater intrusion. A well-monitoring network, which included public-urban, agricultural, livestock and service use water wells, was set up in 2013. Representative sampling during the dry and rainy seasons was carried out. Concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were measured. Results indicate that most agricultural wells contain high TDS concentration, compared to potable water wells with concentration below 1000 mg L-1, which is the limit allowed by the Mexican official standard (MOS). Majority ion data from 14 wells near the coast with high concentration of TDS were also analyzed, with which a Piper diagram was constructed. Two main types of water were found: calcium-chloride and sodium-chloride. The presence of sodium in concentrations exceeding 200 mg L-1 in 8 wells, and magnesium with more than 50 mg L-1 in 10 wells, both above the MOS, reveal that its origin is seawater. Calcium concentrations above 250 mg L‑1 in 7 wells points to the existence of sedimentary layers of chemical-organic origin that compose the inner stratigraphy of the aquifer through which groundwater circulates. High chloride concentrations of more than 1000 mg L-1 in 6 wells with high concentration of TDS, suggests that its source is seawater intrusion. Based on the distribution of TDS concentration, two broad areas affected by seawater intrusion were delimited, and along with the distribution of water families, three main aquifer zones were identified.