An Inverse Procedural Modeling Pipeline for SVBRDF Maps

Procedural modeling is now the de facto standard of material modeling in industry. Procedural models can be edited and are easily extended, unlike pixel-based representations of captured materials. In this article, we present a semi-automatic pipeline for general material proceduralization. Given Spatially Varying Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions (SVBRDFs) represented as sets of pixel maps, our pipeline decomposes them into a tree of sub-materials whose spatial distributions are encoded by their associated mask maps. This semi-automatic decomposition of material maps progresses hierarchically, driven by our new spectrum-aware material matting and instance-based decomposition methods. Each decomposed sub-material is proceduralized by a novel multi-layer noise model to capture local variations at different scales. Spatial distributions of these sub-materials are modeled either by a by-example inverse synthesis method recovering Point Process Texture Basis Functions (PPTBF) [ 30 ] or via random sampling. To reconstruct procedural material maps, we propose a differentiable rendering-based optimization that recomposes all generated procedures together to maximize the similarity between our procedural models and the input material pixel maps. We evaluate our pipeline on a variety of synthetic and real materials. We demonstrate our method’s capacity to process a wide range of material types, eliminating the need for artist designed material graphs required in previous work [ 38 , 53 ]. As fully procedural models, our results expand to arbitrary resolution and enable high-level user control of appearance.

The Relevance of Modern Islamic Boarding Schools with Ulama Cadre According to Imam Zarkasyi (1910-1985)

Imam Zarkasyi was a figure who gave birth to the modern pesantren and ulama cadre in Indonesia. This review is based on literature research with a historical approach. The sources of information depart from the biography and the concept of thought, the methods and information instrumentation from books, papers, posts, magazines, websites, and other types of documentation. The information was analyzed using management systems that can draw information from documentation. Relevant data sourced from works on the topic were analyzed descriptively. The research results are 1) based on "Pondok Modern Synthesis," 2) aiming to produce students who are ready for society, 3) changing the traditional integrity system to the classical boarding school system, 4) presenting educational methods with direction, training, assignments, habituation, guards, role model, and approaches, 5) integrating curriculum with religious material, general material, and language proficiency, 6) forming a waqf body to minimize disputes over ownership and decision making, 7) instilling the psychological value, the Motto of the boarding school, and the philosophy of life, and 8) changing the pattern in appearance from shabby to a modern dress style. This study indicates that modern pesantren as an educational institution has been well-managed and provides great impacts on students or santri as cadres of scholars who are educated to become the next ulama's successors.

Replace the Elite

The article presents the authors reflections on Michael Lind’s book “The New Class War: Saving Democracy from the Managerial Elite” that tries to explain the on-going process of the rise of populism and the decline of liberalism in the West. Reflecting upon the theme and theses of the book, the author of the article analyzes the phenomenon of the managerial elite formation as a new type of the ruling class that is estranges from the social environment and value settings of the majority of population in the Western countries, and this new class sets the current economic and political agenda. Going further than the author of the book, Patrick Deneen calls for the radical replacement of the current elite libertarian ethos for popular conservatism targeted at general material and social capital, family and local communities support

Post-bifurcation behaviour of elasto-capillary necking and bulging in soft tubes

Previous linear bifurcation analyses have evidenced that an axially stretched soft cylindrical tube may develop an infinite-wavelength (localized) instability when one or both of its lateral surfaces are under sufficient surface tension. Phase transition interpretations have also highlighted that the tube admits a final evolved ‘two-phase’ state. How the localized instability initiates and evolves into the final ‘two-phase’ state is still a matter of contention, and this is the focus of the current study. Through a weakly nonlinear analysis conducted for a general material model, the initial sub-critical bifurcation solution is found to be localized bulging or necking depending on whether the axial stretch is greater or less than a certain threshold value. At this threshold value, an exceptionally super-critical kink-wave solution arises in place of localization. A thorough interpretation of the anticipated post-bifurcation behaviour based on our theoretical results is also given, and this is supported by finite-element method simulations.

Influence of the growth gradient on surface wrinkling and pattern transition in growing tubular tissues

Growth-induced pattern formations in curved film-substrate structures have attracted extensive attention recently. In most existing literature, the growth tensor is assumed to be homogeneous or piecewise homogeneous. In this paper, we aim at clarifying the influence of a growth gradient on pattern formation and pattern evolution in bilayered tubular tissues under plane-strain deformation. In the framework of finite elasticity, a bifurcation condition is derived for a general material model and a generic growth function. Then we suppose that both layers are composed of neo-Hookean materials. In particular, the growth function is assumed to decay linearly either from the inner surface or from the outer surface. It is found that a gradient in the growth has a weak effect on the critical state, compared with the homogeneous growth type where both layers share the same growth factor. Furthermore, a finite-element model is built to validate the theoretical model and to investigate the post-buckling behaviours. It is found that the associated pattern transition is not controlled by the growth gradient but by the ratio of the shear modulus between two layers. Different morphologies can occur when the modulus ratio is varied. The current analysis could provide useful insight into the influence of a growth gradient on surface instabilities and suggests that a homogeneous growth field may provide a good approximation on interpreting complicated morphological formations in multiple systems.

Effect of Different Parameters of Quenching and Tempering Process on SS410 Grade Martensitic Stainless Steel

This paper reports the influence of different chemical composition, austenitizing temperature, quenching rate and tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of martensitic stainless-steel SS 410 grade. For calculating general material properties such as hardness and yield strength of SS 410 grade, JMatpro software is used. Analysis of SS 410 grade has been done for austenitizing temperature ranging from 9250C to 10100C followed by tempering whose temperature ranges from 2050C to 6050C.The proper practices of quenching and tempering should be performed ensuring the suitable microstructure of the steels. To get fully Martensite, quenching has to be done at least at 0.40C/s or more than that. The results also shows that composition of carbon has great effect on transition temperature Ms and Mf of martensitic stainless steel 410 grade as compared to chromium. Air cooling or oil quenching this type steels from austenite phase results in microstructure consists of mainly hard and brittle martensite, small amount of retained austenite. Subsequent tempering process reduces hardness and increases ductility and toughness.

The evolution of Materials Acceleration Platforms: toward the laboratory of the future with AMANDA

The development of complex functional materials poses a multi-objective optimization problem in a large multi-dimensional parameter space. Solving it requires reproducible, user-independent laboratory work and intelligent preselection of experiments. However, experimental materials science is a field where manual routines are still predominant, although other domains like pharmacy or chemistry have long used robotics and automation. As the number of publications on Materials Acceleration Platforms (MAPs) increases steadily, we review selected systems and fit them into the stages of a general material development process to examine the evolution of MAPs. Subsequently, we present our approach to laboratory automation in materials science. We introduce AMANDA (Autonomous Materials and Device Application Platform - www.amanda-platform.com), a generic platform for distributed materials research comprising a self-developed software backbone and several MAPs. One of them, LineOne (L1), is specifically designed to produce and characterize solution-processed thin-film devices like organic solar cells (OSC). It is designed to perform precise closed-loop screenings of up to 272 device variations per day yet allows further upscaling. Each individual solar cell is fully characterized, and all process steps are comprehensively documented. We want to demonstrate the capabilities of AMANDA L1 with OSCs based on PM6:Y6 with 13.7% efficiency when processed in air. Further, we discuss challenges and opportunities of highly automated research platforms and elaborate on the future integration of additional techniques, methods and algorithms in order to advance to fully autonomous self-optimizing systems—a paradigm shift in functional materials development leading to the laboratory of the future.

Influence of Material-Dependent Damping on Brake Squeal in a Specific Disc Brake System

The connection of two phenomena, nonconservative friction forces and dissipation-induced instability, can lead to many interesting engineering problems. We study the general material-dependent damping influence on the dynamic instability of disc brake systems leading to brake squeal. The effect of general damping is demonstrated on minimal and complex models of a disc brake. Experimental analyses through the frequency response function (FRF) show different damping of the brake system coalescent modes, indicating possible dissipation-induced instability. A complex system including material-dependent damping is defined in commercial finite element (FE) software. A FE model validated by experimental data on the brake-disc test bench is used to compute the influence of a pad and disc damping variations on the system stability using complexe igenvalue analysis (CEVA). Numerical analyses show a significant sensitivity of the experimentally verified unstable mode of the system to the ratio of the damping between the disc and the friction material components.

Analisis Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Kurikulum 2013 Bagi Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus

This study aims to analyze the 2013 curriculum on educational materials especially for children with special needs. The method used in this research is literature study by analyzing the results of previous research and elaborating in content analysis. The result of this research is the need for a special curriculum for Islamic religious education material for special school children. It needs material simplification and a simple evaluation because not all special school children are able to evaluate according to general material. Teachers need patience in carrying out the learning process and also need to master various methods so that children don't get bored.

Profil Pengetahuan Dan Proses Kognitif Peserta Didik Pada Sub Materi Vertebrata

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil pengetahuan kognitif peserta didik dalam pembelajaran biologi mengenai sub materi vertebrata. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan memberikan instrument hasil belajar mengenai sub materi vertebrata yang dikerjakan oleh 30 peserta didik kelas X MIPA. Dilakukan pula wawancara bersama guru biologi dan beberapa peserta didik untuk mendapatkan keabsahan data dari soal tes yang sudah dikerjakan. Tes hasil belajar mencakup beberapa indikator dalam dimensi kognitif, yaitu dimensi ranah pengetahuan kognititf yang terdiri dari K1 dan K2, serta dimensi ranah proses kognitif yang terdiri dari C1-C5. Data dianalisis dengan cara mencari rata-rata nilai dan rata-rata skor dari masing-masing indikator pada ranah kognitif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, diperoleh data sebagai berikut: 1) Dimensi pengetahuan kognitif peserta didik lebih baik pada pengetahuan faktual;2) Dimensi proses kognitif yang dikuasai oleh peserta didik adalah pada C1 (proses mengingat), sedangkan yang kurang dikuasai oleh peserta didik adalah pada C4 (proses menganalisis); 3) Penguasaan konsep peserta didik pada sub materi vertebrata yaitu materi yang dianggap mudah oleh peserta didik merupakan materi yang bersifat umum karena berkaitan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari, diantaranya yaitu mengenai pengertian vertebrata, pembahasan mengenai hewan pisces, dan materi mengenai seputar reptile; 4) Kesulitan peserta didik dalam mempelajari sub materi vertebrata adalah dalam segi mendalami materi, karena banyaknya jenis hewan vertebrata yang harus dikuasai oleh peserta didik. Dan dalam segi menganalisis berbagai macam hewan vertebrata membuat peserta didik kesulitan untuk dapat memahami bentuk soal cerita mengenai hewan vertebrata yang ada dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.Kata kunci: PengetahuanKognitif; Proses Kognitif; Sub Materi Vertebrata�Abstract: This study aims to determine the cognitive knowledge profile of students in learning biology about vertebrate sub material. This type of research is a descriptive qualitative research. Data collection was carried out by giving learning outcomes instruments about vertebrate sub material which was done by 30 students of Class X math and science. Interview tests were also carried out with biology teachers and some students to get the validity of the data from the test questions that had been done. The learning outcomes test includes several indicators in the cognitive dimension, namely the cognitive knowledge domain consisting of K1 and K2, as well as the cognitive process domain consisting of C1-C5. Data were analyzed by finding the average value and the average score of each indicator in the cognitive domain. Based on the analysis results, the following data are obtained: 1) Dimensions of cognitive knowledge of students are better on factual knowledge; 2) Dimensions of cognitive processes that are mastered by students are at C1, while those less mastered by students are at C4; 3) Mastery of the concept of students in vertebrate sub material, namely material that is considered easy by students is general material because it relates to everyday life, including the understanding of vertebrates, discussion of animal pisces, and material about reptiles; 4) The difficulty of students in learning vertebrate sub material is in terms of deepening the material, because of the many types of vertebrate animals that must be mastered by students. And in terms of analyzing various kinds of vertebrate animals, it makes it hard for students to understand the form of story problems about vertebrate animals that exist in everyday life.Keywords: Cognitive Knowledge; Cognitive Process; Vertebrate Sub Material�