cell membrane surface
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2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zhitao Wang ◽  
Jianxiao Liang ◽  
Shanyong Jiang ◽  
Gang Zhao ◽  
Jianshu Lu ◽  
...  

Objective. To explore the effect of miR-138 on the function of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and the differentiation of B cells in osteosarcoma. Methods. Clinically collect peripheral blood from osteosarcoma (OS) patients and healthy volunteers (HC), as well as OS tumor tissues (OS tumor) and adjacent tissues with normal histology (normal group). The CD4+CXCR5+Tfh cells of OS patients were screened and isolated by flow cytometry, and the expression of Tfh cell membrane surface antigens PD-1 and CTLA-4 was detected. In addition, qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-138 in tissues and Tfh cells, and the correlation relationship between miR-138 and PD-1 and CTLA-4 was analyzed. After interference or overexpression of miR-138 in Tfh cells, coculture with untreated B cells was done, and the levels of IL-10, IL-12, IL-21, and INF-γ in Tfh cell culture medium and the levels of IgM, IgG, and IgA in B cell culture medium after coculture were measured by ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of B cell membrane surface antigens CD27 and CD38 after coculture. Results. The rate of PD-1- and CTLA-4 positive cells in the peripheral blood and tissues of the OS group was significantly increased, the expression of miR-138 was significantly reduced, and the expression of miR-138 was negatively correlated with the expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4. In addition, upregulation of miR-138 can lead to a significant increase in the level of IL-10 in the supernatant of Tfh cells and a significant decrease in the levels of IL-12, IL-21, and INF-γ, which in turn leads to increased levels of IgM, IgG, and IgA released by B cells. At the same time, it significantly increases the rate of CD27- and CD38-positive cells and promotes the maturation of B cells. Downregulating miR-138 has the opposite effect. Conclusion. Downregulating the expression of miR-138 in osteosarcoma can improve the dysfunction of CD4+CXCR5+Tfh cells and promote the differentiation of B cells.


Author(s):  
Jie Huang ◽  
Xinxin Chen ◽  
Xuekun Fu ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Yuhong Huang ◽  
...  

The discovery and identification of biomarkers promote the rational and fast development of medical diagnosis and therapeutics. Clinically, the application of ideal biomarkers still is limited due to the suboptimal technology in biomarker discovery. Aptamers are single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid molecules and can selectively bind to varied targets with high affinity and specificity. Compared with antibody, aptamers have desirable advantages, such as flexible design, easy synthesis and convenient modification with different functional groups. Currently, different aptamer-based technologies have been developed to facilitate biomarker discovery, especially CELL-SELEX and SOMAScan technology. CELL-SELEX technology is mainly used to identify cell membrane surface biomarkers of various cells. SOMAScan technology is an unbiased biomarker detection method that can analyze numerous and even thousands of proteins in complex biological samples at the same time. It has now become a large-scale multi-protein biomarker discovery platform. In this review, we introduce the aptamer-based biomarker discovery technologies, and summarize and highlight the discovered emerging biomarkers recently in several diseases.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. e0236373
Author(s):  
Masaru Nishino ◽  
Ibu Matsuzaki ◽  
Fidele Y. Musangile ◽  
Yuichi Takahashi ◽  
Yoshifumi Iwahashi ◽  
...  

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacopo J. V. Branca ◽  
Claudia Fiorillo ◽  
Donatello Carrino ◽  
Ferdinando Paternostro ◽  
Niccolò Taddei ◽  
...  

Cadmium (Cd), a category I human carcinogen, is a well-known widespread environmental pollutant. Chronic Cd exposure affects different organs and tissues, such as the central nervous system (CNS), and its deleterious effects can be linked to indirect reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Since Cd is predominantly present in +2 oxidation state, it can interplay with a plethora of channels and transporters in the cell membrane surface in order to enter the cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production, glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation are reviewed in order to better characterize the Cd-elicited molecular pathways. Furthermore, Cd effects on different CNS cell types have been highlighted to better elucidate its role in neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, Cd can increase blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and promotes Cd entry that, in turn, stimulates pericytes in maintaining the BBB open. Once inside the CNS, Cd acts on glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes) triggering a pro-inflammatory cascade that accounts for the Cd deleterious effects and neurons inducing the destruction of synaptic branches.


Author(s):  
V.YU. DENISENKO

Соединения, для которых отсутствуют необходимые рецепторы на поверхности клеток, не способны проникать внутрь клеток. Для обеспечения их поступления в клетки используются различные методы (пермеабилизация, инъекция этих соединений внутрь клетки и т. д.). Однако эти способы дорогостоящие в применении, либо оказывают на клетки эффект, не совместимый с дальнейшей жизнедеятельностью. Вход в нагруженные флуоресцентными зондами хлортетрациклин (ХТЦ) и Фура-2АМ клетки гранулезы коров различных соединений вызывает изменение концентрации цитоплазматического и запасенного во внутриклеточных депо кальция. В интактных нагруженных ХТЦ клетках гранулезы добавление пролактина (ПРЛ) стимулировало освобождение Са2 из внутриклеточных депо. В необработанных клетках гепарин не способен самостоятельно проникать в клетки. Для обеспечения входа гепарина в клетки используется процедура пермеабилизации, то есть клетки предварительно обрабатываются детергентом (дигитонином). Использование гепарина приводило к ингибированию освобождения Са2 из внутриклеточных депо, стимулированного добавлением ПРЛ. Обработка клеток детергентом дигитонином не оказывала влияния на стимулированное ПРЛ освобождение Са2 из депо и ингибирующее действие гепарина на выход Са2 из внутриклеточных депо. В интактных нагруженных Фура-2АМ клетках гранулезы добавление ПРЛ не приводило к увеличению концентрации цитоплазматического кальция.После обработки дигитонином нагруженных Фура-2АМ клеток гранулезы внесение ПРЛ приводило к увеличению концентрации цитоплазматического Са2, которое ингибировалось при добавлении гепарина. Полученные данные позволяют предположить, что ХТЦ образует поры на поверхности клеток гранулезы, способствуя таким образом проникновению в клетки различных соединений.Соединения, для которых отсутствуют необходимые рецепторы на поверхности клеток, не способны проникать внутрь клеток. Для обеспечения их поступления в клетки используются различные методы (пермеабилизация, инъекция этих соединений внутрь клетки и т. д.). Однако эти способы дорогостоящие в применении, либо оказывают на клетки эффект, не совместимый с дальнейшей жизнедеятельностью. Вход в нагруженные флуоресцентными зондами хлортетрациклин (ХТЦ) и Фура-2АМ клетки гранулезы коров различных соединений вызывает изменение концентрации цитоплазматического и запасенного во внутриклеточных депо кальция. В интактных нагруженных ХТЦ клетках гранулезы добавление пролактина (ПРЛ) стимулировало освобождение Са2 из внутриклеточных депо. В необработанных клетках гепарин не способен самостоятельно проникать в клетки. Для обеспечения входа гепарина в клетки используется процедура пермеабилизации, то есть клетки предварительно обрабатываются детергентом (дигитонином). Использование гепарина приводило к ингибированию освобождения Са2 из внутриклеточных депо, стимулированного добавлением ПРЛ. Обработка клеток детергентом дигитонином не оказывала влияния на стимулированное ПРЛ освобождение Са2 из депо и ингибирующее действие гепарина на выход Са2 из внутриклеточных депо. В интактных нагруженных Фура-2АМ клетках гранулезы добавление ПРЛ не приводило к увеличению концентрации цитоплазматического кальция.После обработки дигитонином нагруженных Фура-2АМ клеток гранулезы внесение ПРЛ приводило к увеличению концентрации цитоплазматического Са2, которое ингибировалось при добавлении гепарина. Полученные данные позволяют предположить, что ХТЦ образует поры на поверхности клеток гранулезы, способствуя таким образом проникновению в клетки различных соединений.In the absence of the necessary receptors on the cell membrane surface, the compounds are not able to penetrate into the cells. Various methods are used to ensure the entry of such compounds into the cells (permeabilization, compound injection into the cell, etc.), however, all these methods are expensive to use or have a negative effect on the cellular viability. The penetration of various compounds into the granulosa cells of cows treated with chlortetracycline (CTC) and Fura-2AM fluorescent probes causes a change in the concentration of cytoplasmic calcium and calcium stored in intracellular stores. In intact CTC-treated granulosa cells, the addition of prolactin (PRL) stimulated the Ca2 release from the intracellular stores. In untreated cells, heparin is not able to independently penetrate into the cells. To ensure the penetration of heparin into the cells, the permeabilization procedure when the cells are pre-treated with a detergent (digitonin). The usage of heparin led to the inhibition of Ca2 release from the intracellular stores stimulated by the PRL. The treatment of the cells with digitonin did not affect the PRL-stimulated release of Ca2 and the inhibitory effect of heparin on the Ca2 release from the stores. In intact Fura-2AM-treated granulosa cells, the addition of PRL did not increase the concentration of cytoplasmic calcium. After digitonin treatment of Fura-2AM-treated granulosa cells, the supplementation of PRL led to an increase in the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2, which was inhibited by the heparin addition. The obtained data suggest that CTC forms pores in the membrane of granulosa cells facilitating the penetration of various compounds into cells.


The paper presents the results of studying the influence of nanoparticles of silver and zinc on the culture of Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) and bacterial cells of E. coli at various dilution rates and various incubation times. The interaction of MDBK cells with the nanoparticles of zinc has a strong deleterious effect on the cells and causes morphological changes in them. At the same time, no toxic effects were observed after the interaction of silver nanoparticles and the cells. During incubation of E. coli bacterial cells with zinc nanoparticles, not only changes in the morphology of the cell membrane surface but also the destruction of bacterial cells were observed. During incubation with silver nanoparticles at various dilution rates for various times, changes in the cell shape from rod-shaped to rounded, without symptoms of destruction were noted.


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Banerjee

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is expressed in the cytoplasm of almost all cells, if not all of cancer and non-cancer cells. Moreover, unlike many other factors implicated with cancer, it is neither overexpressed nor is it expressed on cell-membrane surface to qualify logically as a viable target for treating cancer. GR is importantly linked with alternate pathway of energy metabolism in cancer cells and our research indicated that cancer cells possibly tend to avoid activation of GR which would have otherwise instigate that energy demanding alternate pathway called gluconeogenesis. We discovered a way to induce cancer cell-selective GR-transactivation which leads to among many things, gluconeogenesis, reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), drug- sensitization in drug-resistant cancer cells etc. Thus, we proved, although it warrants further studies, that GR in cancer cells behave differently and hence it can be a viable target for the treatment of cancer.


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