Karakteristik Penyedap Rasa Alami dari Biji Bunga Matahari dan Kupang Putih dengan Hidrolisis Enzimatis

Research has been carried out on the production of natural flavorings from sunflower seeds and white shells by an enzymatic process using endo- and exo-protease enzymes from papaya sap (papain) and biduri plant sap (calotropin). The study aimed to determine the effect of the concentration of the mixture of endo- and exo-protease enzymes and the incubation time on the characteristics and profiles of amino acids of natural flavoring from sunflower and white shells. A completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 2 factors, the enzyme concentration (0; 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5%) and the hydrolysis time (1, 2 and 3 hours)was applied in this research. The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance. The Duncan multiple range test was used to see whether there were any significant differences between treatments. The results showed that the concentration of the mixture of endo- and exo-protease enzymes and incubation time significantly affected the degree of hydrolysis, dissolved protein, water content, Maillard product, water solubility index, oil absorption and yield. The best treatment in this study was the enzyme concentration of calotropin:papain 3% and 2 hours of incubation, resulting in flavoring with the characteristics: degree of hydrolysis of 96.81%; dissolved protein of 52.86%; Maillard products of 0.162%; water solubility index of 0.036; oil absorption of 1.88%; and the glutamic acid content of 78.678 mg/g. Keywords: Calotropin; flavorings; papain; sunflower seed; white shells ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian pembuatan penyedap rasa alami dari bahan baku biji bunga matahari dan kupang putih secara enzimatis menggunakan endo- dan ekso-enzim protease dari getah papaya (papain) dan getah tanaman biduri (calotropin). Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi campuran endo- dan ekso-enzim protease, serta lama inkubasi terhadap karakteristik dan profil asam amino penyedap alami dari bunga matahari dan kupang putih. Rancangan penelitian adalah rancangan acak lengkap yang tersusun atas dua faktor, yaitu konsentrasi enzim (0; 1,5; 3,0 dan 4,5%) dan waktu hidrolisis (1, 2 dan 3 jam). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan analisis keragaman, dan uji beda rataan menggunakan uji jarak berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi campuran endo- dan ekso-enzim protease serta lama inkubasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap derajat hidrolisis, kadar protein terlarut, kadar air, produk maillard, indeks kelarutan air, daya serap minyak, dan rendemen penyedap rasa yang dihasilkan. Perlakuan terbaik pada penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi enzim calotropin:papain 3% dan lama inkubasi 2 jam, menghasilkan penyedap rasa dengan karakteristik: derajat hidrolisis 96,81%; kadar protein terlarut 52,86%; produk maillard 0,162%; indeks kelarutan air 0,036; daya serap minyak 1,88% dan kadar asam glutamat mencapai 78,678 mg/g. Kata kunci: Biji bunga matahari; calotropin; kupang putih; papain; penyedap rasa

Drying methods differentially alter volatile profiles of edible locusts and silkworms

In this study, the effect of freeze-drying, oven- and microwave-drying on the volatile profiles and sensory properties of edible locust and silkworm was studied. Fifty-five headspace volatiles were detected, including alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and ketones, with variations in intensity depending on the insect species and drying method. Volatiles from microwave-dried locusts and silkworms were typical for the Maillard reaction, that is in accordance with the significant increase of fluorescence of advanced Maillard products (2.9 and 5.5 times higher than in raw silkworms and locusts, respectively). Comparison of fatty acid composition and Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed signs of oxidation process at different levels depending on the insect. Changes in aroma and its intensity caused by different drying methods were also detected by sensory panellists who rated the samples of oven-dried locusts (2.4) and microwave-dried silkworms (1.9) with the lowest scores. An addition 15% of dried insects to cookies decreased the diversity of the volatiles, changed their intensity and lessened the dissimilarities between cookies with differently dried insect powders. Sensory panellists determined the presence of additional ingredients by higher odour intensity and general changes in overall liking scores of the insect-based cookies. Thus, drying can modify odour and sensory characteristics of locusts and silkworms and, consequently, cookies with these insect species, that should be considered in the processing of insects and formulation of novel insect-based foods.

Phenols and Melanoidins as Natural Antioxidants in Beer. Structure, Reactivity and Antioxidant Activity

Beer is one of the most consumed drinks around the world, containing a variety of compounds that offer both appreciated sensorial characteristics and health advantages. Important healthy compounds in beer are those with antioxidant properties that attenuate the content of free radicals produced as by-products in the human metabolism, exerting an appreciable effect against cancers or cardiovascular diseases. This work details a study of antioxidant compounds present in beer, focusing on the two main groups: phenols (including polyphenolic forms) and melanoidins, formed specifically during brewing as Maillard products. The fundaments of the most important methods to evaluate beer antioxidant activity, the main antioxidant compounds present in beer—especially those with healthy properties—and the new trends to increase beer antioxidant activity are also discussed.

Solutes in sap obtained from supercritical CO2 dewatering of radiata pine sapwood, and a new role of sap cyclitols in brown stain formation during kiln drying of green wood

Xylem sap obtained from radiata pine sapwood using a supercritical CO2 (scCO2) dewatering process contained a complex mixture of solutes comprising carbohydrates, amino acids, alkanoic and diterpene acids, neutral diterpenoids, β-sitosterol and cyclitols. Sap also contained free phosphoric acid which is known to catalyse the condensation reactions between glutamic and aspartic amino acids and glucose, galactose and fructose to form Maillard products. When heated these Maillard products lead to the formation of melanoidins, which are partly responsible for the formation of kiln brown stain (KBS) when green radiata pine sapwood is kiln dried. The cyclitols, which are major components in sap, have been shown to undergo phosphoric acid-catalysed dehydration reactions under kiln drying conditions to give methoxyl derivatives of hydroquinone, catechol, resorcinol and O-methylphloroglucinol. These reactive phenols are known to exothermally condense with formaldehyde and could also react with other short carbon chain aldehydes generated during kiln drying. The products of these chemical reactions are extended π-orbital aromatic polymers which are darkly-coloured and would be expected to contribute to KBS. This paper describes the chemistry of sap from radiata pine sapwood using scCO2 dewatering and proposes new theory on KBS formation invoking thermal dehydration and retro Diels-Alder chemical reactions of the sap cyclitols.

Levels of Furaneol in Msalais Wines: A Comprehensive Overview of Multiple Stages and Pathways of Its Formation during Msalais Winemaking

4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (furaneol) is present in food. It has a caramel-like flavor, which affects the quality of food, and is formed via multiple pathways. Msalais is a traditional wine fermented from boiled local grape juice in Xinjiang (China). It has a strong caramel odor, which suggests high furaneol content. Furaneol formation during Msalais-making had not been investigated to date. Here, high-performance liquid chromatography and different fermentation models of Msalais-making were used to investigate the furaneol content and formation during Msalais-making. The furaneol content of Msalais is high, between 27.59 ± 0.493 mg/L and 117.6 ± 0.235 mg/L. It is formed throughout the entire Msalais-making process. The formation pathways include the Maillard reaction and chemical hydrolysis of bound furaneol during grape juice concentration; enzymatic release and/or chemical acidic hydrolysis of furaneol glucosides, and biosynthesis from Maillard products and d-fructose-1,6-diphosphate during fermentation; chemical transformation of Maillard products at room temperature (16–25 °C) and hydrolysis of furaneol glucosides during storage. Importantly, furaneol is formed by an efficient biotransformation of Maillard products. These findings suggest that furaneol content can be used as an important indicator of wine quality, and could be controlled by controlling the grape quality, grape juice concentration, fermentation, and wine storage.

Functional properties of muffin as affected by substituing wheat flour with carob powder

Carob (Cerationa soliqua L.) pod is the good source of dietary fiber, minerals and polyphenolic substances. The aim of this study was to prepare muffin where wheat flour was substituted with carob powder, and determine some physicochemical properties. Carob powder was prepared by milling dry carob pods to particles smaller than 600 μm. Then wheat flour in muffin dough was replaced by carob powder in 5, 10, 15 and 20% (w/w) and subsequently baked at 180 °C for 20 min. It was found that the height of the muffin fortified with carob powder decreased in comparison with that in control muffin sample. Although the height of muffins decreased with the increase in level of carob powder, the differences were not statistically significant. Weight loss was similar for all the muffin samples in this study. Moisture content of muffins with carob powder was significantly higher than that in control. Addition of carob powder had also effect on water activity of muffin. While 0.905 aw was observed in control sample, significantly higher aw values were determinated in fortified muffins (0.912 – 0.923 aw). The antioxidant characteristics were determinated using spectrophotometric assays for total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), radical scavenging activities (DPPH, ABTS) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging (HPS). TPC values gradually increased with the increase in level of carob powder from 348.1 to 829.1 μg gallic acid.g-1 dry matter but TFC values significantly increased in muffin with 15 and 20% (w/w) of carob powder. All the antioxidant assays showed strong and positive association with the increase in level of carob powder. Addition of carob powder resulted in the increase of browning index and FAST index as a metrics of the formation of Maillard products.