THE APPLICATION OF NATURAL DYES TO BATIK USING MANGROVE SPESIES RHIZOPORA STYLOSA, SOGA TINGI (CERIOPSTAGAL)  AND INDIGOFERA

Technological advance leads the natural dyes to be eroded by the synthetic one. Synthetic colorant has advantages of salient, more uniform color and more practical use. Meanwhile, the disadvantage of it is much metal content harmful to the environment. The natural colorant is colorant (pigment) derived from plant, animal or mineral sources. The advantage of natural dyes is that it is more environment-friendly because it is not poisonous and safe for health. The disadvantage of it is storage difficulty. When natural dyes in liquid form is stored too long, it will be decomposed easily. For that reason, it should be stored in powder form.The method used to get natural dyes was extraction with a batch manner. The extraction was carried out with basic material-to-solvent ratios of 1:10, 1:7, and 1:5. The basic materials used were mangrove spesies rhizopora stylosa, Soga Tingi, and Indigofera. The best extract was obtained with a ratio of 1:5 for all basic materials. The powder was prepared by feeding the extracting solvent into a spray dryer so that the natural colorant powder was obtained. The application of colorant powder was used at 1 gram/100 ml, 2 gram/100 ml, 2 gram/100 ml, 4 gram/100 ml, and 5 gram/100 ml. The immersing with natural colorant was conducted in 2 conditions: extract and powder are immersing were carried out 5 times with each submerging of 15 minutes and dried. Then, fixation (color-locking) was done to batik. The fixer employed was tunjung (changing the color of batik into the darker one), alum (maintaining the batik’s color), and lime (change batik color into the brighter one). The fixated batik cloth was then examined for its fading against washing using launder meter and against rubbing using crock meter. The result of the examination was analyzed using a staining scale and greyscale. The examination using the staining scale was divided into 2: wet and dry rubbings. From the result of the wet and dry rubbing test, it was obtained the best result with tingi colorant, alum fixer solution, and powder condition. Meanwhile, on the greyscale, it was obtained the best result with tingi colorant, alum fixer, and powder condition. So, it could be concluded that the optimum application of powder to batik cloth was 4 gram/100 ml water and 5 times immersing. The best result of fading resistance against washing and rubbing was tingi with alum fixer and in powder condition.Keywords – extraction, spray dryer, fixation, launderometer, and crockmeter

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Development of a parabolic mirror using advanced materials used for an environment friendly propulsion system

10.1063/1.5060685 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Horaţiu Şerbescu ◽

Constantin Sandu ◽

Sebastian Vintila ◽

Andrei Radu ◽

Filip Niculescu

Keyword(s):

Propulsion System ◽

Advanced Materials ◽

Parabolic Mirror ◽

Environment Friendly ◽

Materials Used

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Power to X – green hydrogen for electrical energy and fuel, for production and products

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20187001011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 70 ◽

pp. 01011

Author(s):

Jochen Lehmann ◽

Thomas Luschtinetz ◽

Johannes Gulden

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Basic Material ◽

Environment Friendly ◽

Business Cases ◽

Power To Gas ◽

Laws And Regulations

Basing on the figure “Power to Hydrogen / Power to Gas”, shown by the authors at the last HTRSE conference, this time it will be illustrated, that green hydrogen - produced with renewable energy - has the potential to become a basic material in the economy at general instead of fossil one. Synergies are available. But the low price of hydrogen produced via steam reformation of natural gas prevents to reach business cases for environment friendly products as long as the European laws and regulations do not support production and use of green hydrogen for instance by a tax for CO2 emission.

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Carbon-based materials for bipolar plates for low-temperatures PEM fuel cells — A review

Functional Materials Letters ◽

10.1142/s1793604719300019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (02) ◽

pp. 1930001 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Renata Wlodarczyk

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cells ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Carbon Materials ◽

Pem Fuel Cells ◽

Basic Material ◽

Bipolar Plates ◽

Diffusion Layers ◽

Hydrogen Technology ◽

Materials Used ◽

Exchange Membrane

The PEMFC (Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) is one of the most researched generators in hydrogen technology. The PEMFCs offer low emissions, several applications in industry with high power density. The basic material for the construction of components in low-temperature fuel cells is carbon or its allotropic forms and carbon nanomaterials. Carbon materials are used to build diffusion layers of electrodes, as catalyst carriers, for the construction of covers/interconnectors and as fuel. In this work, the carbon materials used to build a single cell have been reviewed taking into account various methods of fabrication and modification of materials.

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Modified Chitosan for Silver Recovery—Kinetics, Thermodynamic, and Equilibrium Studies

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13030657 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 657 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bogdan Pascu ◽

Cristina Ardean ◽

Corneliu Mircea Davidescu ◽

Adina Negrea ◽

Mihaela Ciopec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Maximum Efficiency ◽

Metallic Silver ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Silver Recovery ◽

Equilibrium Studies ◽

Environment Friendly ◽

Modified Chitosan ◽

Materials Used

The aim of this study is to investigate the silver recovery from aqueous solutions. There are a variety of recovery methods, such as hydrometallurgical, bio-metallurgical, cementation, reduction, electrocoagulation, electrodialysis, ion exchange, etc. Adsorption represents a convenient, environment friendly procedure, that can be used to recover silver from aqueous solutions. In this paper we highlight the silver adsorption mechanism on chitosan chemically modified with active groups, through kinetic, thermodynamic, and equilibrium studies. A maximum adsorption capacity of 103.6 mg Ag(I)/g of adsorbent for an initial concentration of 700 mg/L was noticed by using modified chitosan. Lower adsorption capacity has been noticed in unmodified chitosan—a maximum of 75.43 mg Ag(I)/g. Optimum contact time was 120 min and the process had a maximum efficiency when conducted at pH higher than 6. At the same time, a way is presented to obtain metallic silver from the adsorbent materials used for the recovery of the silver from aqueous solutions.

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Strength, sustainability and affordability of bamboo and mud bricks as materials used in local construction

Rwanda Journal of Engineering Science Technology and Environment ◽

10.4314/rjeste.v2i1.4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Leopold Mbereyaho ◽

Jean de Dieu Mutabaruka ◽

Abaho G. Gershome ◽

Armel Ineza ◽

Ezra Ngirabatware

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Cost Estimation ◽

Building Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Conventional Concrete ◽

Environment Friendly ◽

Study Results ◽

Mud Bricks ◽

Materials Used ◽

Sisal Fibers

The construction industry is one of the rapidly growing and the cost analysis suggests that the materials cost is constantly increasing. The continuous extraction of aggregates intensively used in the field is negatively acting to the environment. Therefore research in construction materials should focus not only on discovering new alternative materials but also in appreciating the quality of those locally available for their better application. This research aimed at evaluating the performance of bamboo and mud bricks as two available local building materials, especially with regards not only to their strength but also to new performance concepts which are affordability, energy efficiency and environment friendly aspects. The study comprised mainly of laboratory tests of used materials and cost estimation analysis. Study results established that the considered bamboo and mud bricks, made in ordinary soils and reinforced by sisal fibers were reusable, environment friendly materials and energy efficient, with the bamboo showing the thermal conductivity equal to 0.1496 W/mK. Regarding the compressive strength, reinforced mud bricks with sisal fibers showed an increased value from 1.75 MPA to 4.29MPA, what was in line with related previous studies. The average compressive strength of the studied Arundinaria Alpine bamboo was established at 133,7MPA, while its tensile strength was 88.16MPA and these values were reasonable with comparison to other conventional materials. It is recommended that further research in checking the performance of other types of bamboo as well as about new construction technologies be undertaken in order to enhance the service life of both bamboo and mud bricks.Keywords: Affordability, Bamboo, Conventional concrete, Materials strength, Mud reinforced bricks, Sustainability

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PEMBUATAN PEWARNA ALAMI UNTUK ALTERNATIF PEWARNA BERBASIS AIR

Jurnal Pendidikan Seni Rupa Undiksha ◽

10.23887/jjpsp.v7i3.11483 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 133

Author(s):

I Ketut Dedi Susiawan . ◽

Drs.Agus Sudarmawan, M.Si. . ◽

I Nyoman Rediasa, S.Sn., M.Si .

Keyword(s):

Research Result ◽

Green Light ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Natural Dye ◽

Natural Dyes ◽

Blue Color ◽

Water Based ◽

The Media ◽

Materials Used ◽

Brown Color

Pembuatan pewarna alami untuk alternatif pewarna berbasis air merupakan penelitian eksperimen yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) bahan alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pewarna alami untuk alternatif pewarna berbasis air (2) alat yang digunakan dalam pembuatan pewarna alami untuk alternatif pewarna berbasis air (3) proses pembuatan pewarna alami untuk alternatif pewarna berbasis air (4) warna yang dihasilkan dari pewarna alami untuk altenatif pewarna berbasis air pada media kertas. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, pembuatan pewarna alami, dan uji pewarna alami pada media kertas. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) bahan alami yang digunakan adalah warna merah dari kembang kertas, warna biru dari bunga telang, warna kuning dari kunyit, warna hijau dari daun suji dan daun katuk, warna cokelat dari buah tinta dan biji kluwak, warna hitam dari arang (2) alat dan bahan yang digunakan adalah cobek dan ulekan, mangkok, saringan, pisau (3) proses pembuatan pewarna alami dengan proses ekstraksi melalui dua tahap yaitu penghalusan bahan dan penyaringan (4) hasil pewarna alami yang diterapkan pada media kertas yaitu bunga kertas menghasilkan warna merah muda, bunga telang menghasilkan warna biru muda, kunyit menghasilkan warna kuning oranye sampai kuning kecokelatan, daun suji menghasikan warna hijau muda, daun katuk menghasilkan warna hijau cerah sampai hijau tua, biji kluwak menghasilkan warna coklat tua, buah tinta menghasilkan warna cokelat tua, arang menghasilkan warna hitam pekat. Kata Kunci : pewarna alami, alternatif pewarna berbasis air The made of natural dyes for alternative dyes on water-based was a research experiment, which aimed at knowing (1) material of nature that could be used as a natural dye to alternative of a water-based, (2) the tool used in the manufacture of natural dyes for alternative of a water-based, (3) the process of making natural dyes for alternative of a water-based, and (4) the color produced from natural dyes for alternatives of a water-based on the media. The research was a descriptive qualitative research. The accumulations data were done by using observation, the creation of a natural dye, and a natural dye on the media. This research result indicated that (1) natural materials used were the red colors of the development of the paper, the blue color of Telang, the yellow color of turmeric, green color from the leaves of Suji. and leaf of Katuk, the brown color of the ink and seeds of Kluwak, black from charcoal, (2) the tools and materials used were mortar and see "ulekan", bowl, sieve, (3) the process of making natural dyes with extraction process through two stages, namely, refining materials and the screening and (4) the results of a natural dye were applied to the media of Bougenvilleproduced the color of pink, Telang produced a navy blue, turmeric produced orange yellow to amber, Suji leaf produced color of green, leaf of Katuk produced green light to dark green vegetables, seeds of Kluwak produced a dark brown color, fruit of ink produced the color of dark brown, charcoal produced the color black.keyword : natural dyes, alternative color.

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COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF SAILCLOTH SELECTION FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES, TYPES AND SPECIES OF SAILING BOATS

EUREKA Physics and Engineering ◽

10.21303/2461-4262.2017.00417 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 22-29

Author(s):

Svitlana Yeroshkina

Keyword(s):

Salt Water ◽

Basic Material ◽

Modern World ◽

Scientific Article ◽

Scientific Analysis ◽

Full Analysis ◽

Selection For ◽

Materials Used ◽

Selection Of ◽

Boat Speed

Results over of theoretical analysis for the selection of corresponding basic material of sail clothes fabric for a different classes, types and views of sailing boats are given in the article. Sailing boats needs the proper of yachting equipment, that goes both with the manipulation of boats and rigging (in accordance of views, classes and types of sailing boats). The material for sailing is elected by participants of competitions depending of the area of navigation, the strength of wind, the whole distances and boat’s possibilities, coming from technical criteria and parameters of the boats. Full analysis of economic efficiency is conducted and price politics of different material’s types for sails in accordance with its chemical composition is analyzed. The most effective type of factory fabric is certain for sewing of sails for racing boats. For a deep scientific analysis and practical realization of the investigated process an accent is done on the exposure of the most popular sailing sailcloth materials used only on the famous world regattas. These results are very important and needed foremost for the first-class skippers of modern world racing boats, to identify most practical and super persistent to the wind, the sun, salt water materials that use in sewing of racing sails. Necessary analyses and descriptions of scientific article concerning sewing of racing sails also will be useful to the yachtsmen that only begin the way in the world of cruise yachting and sporting yachting races. Importance of faithful direction at the choice of material for sails is done not only for the decision element of victories in races and regattas, but also for an answer on many questions, constrained concerning speed of boat, norm of coverage of sails and, in the end, with maneuverability, boat speed.

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A Review on Natural Dyes: Raw Materials, Extraction Process, and their Properties

Advance Research in Textile Engineering ◽

10.26420/advrestexteng.2021.1062 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sayem ANM ◽

◽

Ahmed F ◽

Saha P ◽

Talukder B ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Uv Protection ◽

Natural Dyes ◽

Natural Source ◽

Synthetic Dyes ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Fastness Property ◽

Materials Used

Synthetic dyes and all the processing used in general dyeing is harmful to our health. Dye from natural sources can reduce the risk of synthetic dyes. As indigo has been used for thousands of years for the coloration of textiles as a natural source. This review is aimed at a discussion of different raw materials used for the extraction of natural dyes, the extraction process for different natural dyes, and the properties of fabric dyed by those dyestuffs. Most of the natural dyes showed a very good fastness property in researches. The dyes can be extracted from trees, bark, leaves, flowers, and many more sources. Most of the natural dyes exhibit special properties like anti-microbial, less toxicity, less allergenic, UV protection.

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COMPARISON OF DYEING ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT AND BUTANOLIC FRACTION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF FRUITS OF GARCINIA INDICA CHOISY

INDIAN DRUGS ◽

10.53879/id.52.05.10288 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (05) ◽

pp. 38-42

Author(s):

K Patil ◽

◽

J Bhuti

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Sweet Taste ◽

Natural Dyes ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Synthetic Dyes ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Natural Colorant ◽

Garcinia Indica

Natural dyes from plants have been given much attention in recent years due to the threat and harmful effects arisen by synthetic dyes and environmental awareness created by researchers. Natural dyes are environmental friendly, hygienic, user friendly and permanent compared to other colorants. Recently, research has shown that synthetic dyes release harmful chemicals that are allergic, carcinogenic and detrimental to human health. The present study was focused on extraction and fractionation of anthocyanins from fruits of Garcinia indica Choisy. Garcinia indica Choisy (kokum) is widely distributed in coastal India. The fruit is mainly found during the summer months. It is a tropical fruit and can be viewed as a wonder berry that has a pleasant odour, tangy-sweet taste and many health benefits. It is used to treat many diseases. The dried fruits powder of Garcinia indica was subjected to the extraction of anthocyanins by maceration and fractionated with n-butanol. Total anthocyanin content was calculated from the extract. The aqueous extract and butanolic fraction of ethanolic extract of fruits of Garcinia indica were evaluated as a natural colorant on fabrics and compared with each other. The present study showed the n-butanol fraction of ethanolic extract of fruits of Garcinia indica to have more color intensity than the aqueous extract on silk material. So, anthocyanins from Garcinia indica fruits can be used as a natural dye.

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For My Next Trick

Molecules, Microbes, and Meals ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190687694.003.0015 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Alan Kelly

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Microbial Growth ◽

Milk Powder ◽

Industrial Process ◽

Food Products ◽

Spray Dryer ◽

Liquid Form ◽

Concentrated Source ◽

Long Life ◽

The Stability

Compared with some of the processes we have discussed so far, like heating or cooling, drying is one we might think less of in a kitchen context and consider to be more a large-scale industrial process. However, when we look around a kitchen we find a lot of products of such activity, in terms of containers of powders like salt, sugar, spices, milk powder, soups, flavorings, flour, and much more, as illustrated in Figure 12.1. These have enormous advantages of long life, not needing to be kept in the fridge, taking up relatively little space, and providing a neat and concentrated source of whatever flavor or other character we wish to add to a dish. The key consideration is that whichever powder we use will behave in a convenient way when we come to use it, dissolving in water or other meal bases easily and reliably. We also routinely remove water from food in the kitchen, perhaps not by having a mini—spray dryer on the counter (at least not in most kitchens), but by removing a lid from a pot to allow some water to be driven off in the form of steam. We also essentially remove water from food more subtly, for example, by adding sugar to a jam recipe, which does not remove the water as such, but rather renders it less available for undesirable things like supporting microbial growth, thereby achieving many of the stabilizing and preservative benefits of actual drying without the drying. Removing water from food greatly improves the stability of food products and, by inhibiting the actions of microorganisms, increases its safety. As a result, drying of food, wholly or partially, has been practiced for centuries as a way to make food more stable. Not only does removing water from food add major hurdles in terms of stability and safety, but it adds an enormous bonus feature of convenience. To illustrate this clearly, I always think of what life would be like if we had to buy all our coffee in liquid form, and no dried (or highly concentrated pod) versions existed.

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