A New SiC Planar-Gate IGBT for Injection Enhancement Effect and Low Oxide Field

A new silicon carbide (SiC) planar-gate insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is proposed and comprehensively investigated in this paper. Compared to the traditional SiC planar-gate IGBT, the new IGBT boasts a much stronger injection enhancement effect, which leads to a low on-state voltage (VON) approaching the SiC trench-gate IGBT. The strong injection enhancement effect is obtained by a heavily doped carrier storage layer (CSL), which creates a hole barrier under the p-body to hinder minority carriers from being extracted away through the p-body. A p-shield is located at the bottom of the CSL and coupled to the p-body of the IGBT by an embedded p-MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors). In off-state, the heavily doped CSL is shielded by the p-MOSFET clamped p-shield. Thus, a high breakdown voltage is maintained. At the same time, owing to the planar-gate structure, the proposed IGBT does not suffer the high oxide field that threatens the long-term reliability of the trench-gate IGBT. The turn-off characteristics of the new IGBT are also studied, and the turn-off energy loss (EOFF) is similar to the conventional planar-gate IGBT. Therefore, the new IGBT achieves the benefits of both the conventional planar-gate IGBT and the trench-gate IGBT, i.e., a superior VON-EOFF trade-off and a low oxide field.

Living with Breakthrough: Two-Dimensional Liquid-Chromatography Separations of a Water-Soluble Synthetically Grafted Bio-Polymer

In this study, we evaluate the use of various two-dimensional liquid chromatographic methods to characterize water-soluble, synthetically grafted bio-polymers, consisting of long poly(acrylic acid) chains and short maltodextrin grafts. The confirmation of the presence of grafting and the estimation of its extent is challenging. It is complicated by the limited solubility of polymers, their structural dispersity and chemical heterogeneity. Moreover, the starting materials (and other reagents, reaction products and additives) may be present in the product. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) were used to characterize the product, as well as the starting materials. Additionally, fractions were collected for off-line characterization by infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The one-dimensional separation methods were found to be inconclusive regarding the grafting question. Breakthrough (the early elution of polymer fractions due to strong injection solvents) is shown to be a perpetual problem. This issue is not solved by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC), but information demonstrating the success of the grafting reaction could be obtained. SEC × RPLC and HILIC × RPLC separations are presented and discussed.

On the limitation of imposed velocity field strategy for Coulomb-driven electroconvection flow simulations

This study refers to the article of Chicón, Castellanos & Martion (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 344, 1997, pp. 43–66), who presented a numerical study of electroconvection in a layer of dielectric liquid induced by unipolar injection. An important characteristic of the numerical strategy proposed by Chicón et al. lies in the fact that the Navier–Stokes equations are never solved to obtain the velocity field, which is subsequently needed in the charge density transport equation. Instead, the velocity field is explicitly provided by an expression obtained with some assumptions about the flow structure and related to the electric field (the imposed velocity field approach; IVF). The validity of the above simplification is examined through a direct comparison of the solutions obtained by solving the Navier–Stokes equations (the Navier–Stokes computation approach; NSC). It is clearly demonstrated that, even in the strong injection regime ($C= 10$), the results look very similar for a given range of the mobility parameter $M$; however, in the weak injection regime ($C= 0. 1$), significant discrepancies are observed. The rich flow structures obtained with the NSC approach invalidate the use of the IVF approach in the weak injection regime.

Impact of land convection on the thermal structure of the lower stratosphere as inferred from COSMIC GPS radio occultations

Following recent studies evidencing the effect of deep overshooting convection on the chemical composition of the tropical lower stratosphere by injection of tropospheric air across the cold-point tropopause we explore its impact on the thermal structure of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and the lower stratosphere using the high-resolution COSMIC GPS radio-occultation temperature measurements spanning from 2006 through 2011. The temperature of the lower tropical stratosphere is shown to display a systematic mean cooling of 0.6 K up to 20 km in the late afternoon in the summer over land compared to oceanic areas where little or no diurnal variation is observed. The temperature cycle is fully consistent with the diurnal cycle and geographical location of deep convective systems reported by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar suggesting strong injection of adiabatically cooled air into the lower tropical stratosphere in the afternoon over tropical continents. But most unexpected is the difference between the southern and Northern Hemispheres, the first displaying systematic larger cooling suggesting more intense convection in the southern than in the northern tropics.

Molecular gas in galaxies: much more than just the fuel of star formation

It is well known that shocks can heat molecular gas, but we are only starting to understand what the consequences might be for galaxy evolution. Observations are now revealing a growing number of galaxies undergoing phases of strong injection of kinetic energy through galaxy interactions or feedback from powerful AGN, which have bright line emission from shock-heated molecular gas that is likely powered by the dissipation of turbulent energy. These observations demonstrate that turbulence – now recognized as an important mechanism regulating star formation – may also be key in regulating galaxy growth. We report on our on-going efforts to quantify the role of molecular gas for the dissipation of kinetic energy through observations on two very different examples, the Antennae galaxy merger and the radio galaxy 3C326 N, a site of strong mechanical AGN feedback. Both galaxies show signatures of strong dissipation of kinetic energy through shocks. We will illustrate how key parameters of these processes like bulk and turbulent velocities, gas masses, and dissipation timescales can be measured with multi-wavelength data, and how this furthers our understanding of how galaxy evolution and star formation in galaxies depend on each other.

Direct numerical simulation of turbulence in injection-driven three-dimensional cylindrical flows

Incompressible turbulent flow in a periodic circular pipe with strong injection is studied as a simplified model for the core flow in a solid-propellant rocket motor and other injection-driven internal flows. The model is based on a multi-scale asymptotic approach. The intended application of the current study is erosive burning of solid propellants. Relevant analysis for easily accessible parameters for this application, such as the magnitudes, main frequencies and wavelengths associated with the near-wall shear, and the assessment of near-wall turbulence viscosity is focused on. It is found that, unlike flows with weak or no injection, the near-wall shear is dominated by the root mean square of the streamwise velocity which is a function of the Reynolds number, while the mean streamwise velocity is only weakly dependent on the Reynolds number. As a result, a new wall-friction velocity $\(u_\tau{\,=\,}\sqrt{\tau_w/\rho}\)$, based on the shear stress derived from the sum of the mean and the root mean square, i.e. $\(\tau_{w,inj} {\,=\,} \mu |{\partial (\bar{u}+u_{rms})}/{\partial r}|_w\)$, is proposed for the scaling of turbulent viscosity for turbulent flows with strong injection. We also show that the mean streamwise velocity profile has an inflection point near the injecting surface.

Numerical Simulation of Supercritical Water in T-Shaped Channel Across Critical Point

Mixing flows of supercritical fluid and liquid assuming the supercritical hydrothermal synthesis (SCHS) reactor are calculated using the numerical method developed by our group. First, the influence of thermophysical properties near the critical point to the flows is evaluated. The flows ignoring density change and specific heat change become a steady-state flow and are obviously different from flows considering all thermophysical properties. These results indicate that the large density difference in fluid at a narrow region caused by a peak of specific heat induces unsteady flows in the reactor. While higher bulk pressure results in a steady flow because of the moderate change of thermophysical properties. Next the flows in a sub channel changing the width are calculated. The channel with a smaller width makes a strong injection and the mixing occurs mainly at the downstream of the main channel. The tiled sub-channel may suppress the flow recirculation in the main channel.

Interaction of Rotational Wakes and Coolant Film in a Sector-Annular Duct

In the effort to increase turbine inlet temperature for greater efficiencies, more focus has been placed on the secondary and unsteady flow structures in gas turbine components. One such area that has seen great interest in past decades is the effect of unsteady wakes on film cooling. These wakes are primarily shed by upstream guide vanes or rotors. Relatively little data exists for annular endwall cooling in the presence of these wakes. Time resolved measurements of the film cooling-wake interaction were obtained using hot wire anemometry in a low speed, 30 degree annular sector open loop wind tunnel. In addition, time averaged measurements of the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness were determined for cylindrical holes. The film cooling effectiveness at three blowing ratios (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0) is reported at three wake Strouhal numbers (0, 0.1, and 0.3). Temperature Sensitive Paint was used to obtain spatially resolved temperature measurements. The experimental results are compared to numerical studies as well as experimental literature for several cases. The rotating wake is characterized by a velocity detriment and a local increase in turbulence. The effect of this wake is a reduction in film cooling effectiveness with increasing Strouhal number at weak injection rates (I < 0.3). For strong injection that would lead to liftoff, the effect of the wake is to promote reattachment and increase lateral spreading of the jet, resulting in increased effectiveness. Potential for active flow control exists for strong injection resulting in equal or better effectiveness at lower coolant flow rates.