Significance of Entropy Generation and the Coriolis Force on the Three-Dimensional Non-Darcy Flow of Ethylene-Glycol Conveying Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs)

Nanofluids based on CNTs/ethylene glycol have a potential role in contributing to industrial applications like heat exchangers, domestic refrigerator, electronics cooling, etc. The aim and novelty of the present research is to communicate the significance of the Coriolis force and Darcy-Forchheimer stretched flow of ethylene glycol (EG) conveying carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a rotating frame. Furthermore, entropy analysis is the main focus in this study. Two types of CNTs known as multiwalled (MWCNT) and single-walled (SWCNT) carbon nanotubes are considered. Ethylene glycol (EG) is treated as the base liquid. Xue’s model is utilized for the physical aspects of specific heat, density and thermal conductivity. The heat transfer mechanism is modeled through nonlinear thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and convective condition. The governing flow problems have been computed numerically via the NDSolve method. Outcomes for single-walled and multi-walled CNTs are arranged and compared. Our findings reveal that entropy generation is accompanied by an increasing trend in the Brinkman number and temperature ratio parameter. Temperature increases with the intensification of radiative and convective variables. Moreover, the temperature gradient has marginally larger values in the case of SWCNT, when compared with MWCNT.

Mixed convective flow of CNTs nanofluid subject to varying viscosity and reactions

The addressed work explains SWCNTs (Single walled carbon nanotubnes) and MWCNTs (Multi walled carbon nanotubnes) nanofluid flow under the influences of temperature dependent viscosity and mixed convection. Comparative study of SWCNTs and MWCNTs suspended in base liquid is presented. Further heat and mass transfer are addressed for nanofluid effected by radiation, heat generation/absorption and diffusion species. Mathematical development of problem is taken in cylindrical coordinates. System of highly nonlinear differential equations are constructed via appropriate transformations. The system of equations are tackled numerically by bvp4c MATLAB solver. The findings of the study show that larger volume fraction $$\left( \phi \right)$$ ϕ contributes to enhance the nanoliquid flow. The velocity by submerging MWCNTs is noted higher than SWCNTs. Furthermore, the relationship between the viscosity variable $$\left( \theta _{r}\right)$$ θ r and the temperature is such that the temperature near the surface decreases with increase in $$\left( \theta _{r}\right)$$ θ r , while at the same time the temperature away from the surface increases. Subsequently, higher temperature is observed in SWCNTs-liquid compared to the MWCNTs-liquid to the similar values of $$\left( \theta _{r}\right)$$ θ r . Further, heat transfer is an increasing function of varying viscosity variable $$\left( \theta _{r}\right)$$ θ r .

Investigation of dynamics of SWCNTs and MWCNTs nanoparticles in blood flow using the Atangana–Baleanu time fractional derivative with ramped temperature

This analysis deals with the mixed free convection flow of nanofluid in the presence of porous space. Human blood is supposed to be a base fluid for which the heat transfer characteristics are performed by using the single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes. The leading equations of the problem are obtained in dimensionless form by following the appropriate non-dimensional variables. The semi-analytical solution for the temperature and velocity field, the famous Atangana–Baleanu time-fractional derivative and Laplace transform techniques are utilized. The effects of different parameters are studied with interesting physical explanations. The summarized results show that the temperature and velocity profile decreases by varying the value of the fractional parameter. An increasing change in velocity is observed for the Grashof number. Moreover, the solution simulated via fractional model for velocity and temperature profile is more consistent and scalable for any value of the fractional parameter.

Improvement of Elastomer Elongation and Output for Dielectric Elastomers

The need for light, high-strength, and artificial muscles is growing rapidly. A well-known type of artificial muscle meeting these requirements is the dielectric elastic (DE) type, which uses electrostatic force between electrodes. In hopes of utilizing, it practically for a variety of purposes, research and development is rapidly progressing all over the world as a technology for practical use. Much of the market demand is dominated by more output-focused applications such as DE power suits, DE motors, DE muscles for robots, and larger DE power systems. To meet these demands, the elasticity of the elastomer is very important. In this paper, we discussed what the important factors are for SS curves, viscoelasticity tests, etc. of the dielectric elastomer materials. Recent attempts have been also made to use new carbon foam materials such as SWCNTs and MWCNTs as electrodes for DEs. These electrodes bring the elastomers to a higher level of performance.

Assessing the capability of CNTs in improving the properties of Engine Oil

It is the friction and wear that are the most important variables when it comes to working machines that are more sophisticated. There is only one way to significantly minimize wear and friction, and that is to use lubricating oil, which also helps to preserve the materials from wear. Carbon nano-tubes have become more popular over the previous decade because to the multiple uses they have in many industries owing to their exceptional chemical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and optical capabilities. This research will analyze the tribological properties of carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) in the presence of a tribotester with four balls. Also, the tribological characteristics of SWCNTs and MWCNTs were assessed for use as an additive in SAE10W40 motor oil. In addition to the performance increase that multiwall carbon nanotubes give in the areas of anti-wear and friction reduction, this experimental finding also points to an increase in performance for lubricating oils containing multi-wall carbon nano-tubes over single-walled carbon nano-tubes.

Blood based hybrid nanofluid flow together with electromagnetic field and couple stresses

In this investigation, heat transportation together with irreversibility analysis for the flow of couple stress hybrid nanofluid past over a stretching surface is considered. The innovative characteristics and aims of this work are to note that the transportation heat couple stress model involves EMHD, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and heat absorption, and omission. The hybrid nanofluid is prepared due to the suspension of the solid nanoparticles of the SWCNTs and MWCNTs in pure human blood. This mathematical model is an appropriate model for biological advantages including testing of human blood for drug deliveries to various parts of the human body. Particularly, the Prandtl number used for the blood is 21 and very large as compared to the other base fluids. Necessary modifications are used to translate the defining partial differential equations and boundary conditions into a layout that can be computed. To obtain mathematical approximations for the resulting scheme of nonlinear differential equations, the innovative homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used. The explanation for velocity, energy, and entropy are exposed and the flow against various influential factors ($$E,\;M,\;k,\;Q,\;S\;{\text{and}}\;Ec$$ E , M , k , Q , S and E c ) is discussed graphically. The numerical values are calculated and summarized for dimensionless $$C_{{fx}} \;{\text{and}}\;Nu_{x} .$$ C fx and N u x . In addition, the current study is compared for various values of $$\Pr$$ Pr to that published literature and an impressive agreement in terms of finding is reported. It has also been noticed that the $$M$$ M and $$E$$ E factors retard the hybrid nanofluid flow, while the temperature of fluid becomes upsurges by the rise in these factors. 11.95% enhancement in the heat transfer rate has been attained using the hybrid nanofluids.

In vitro targeting and selective killing of mcf-7 and colo320dm cells by 5-fluorouracil anchored to carboxylated SWCNTs and MWCNTs

The intention of the present work was to synthesize the f-MWCNT and f-SWCNT terminated with proper functional group, loading of 5-Flurouracil and to perform cytotoxic activity. Functionalization of MWCNTs and SWCNTs was achieved through the acid treatment (H2SO4 + HNO3). 5-flurouracil was loaded into the prepared functionalized CNTs, thereafter; in vitro drug loading capacity and % drug release were calculated. Also the prepared f-CNTs, 5-flurouracil loaded CNTs were distinguished by using SEM, TGA, DSC, X-ray diffraction, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. MCF-7 and COLO320DM cells were treated with selected concentrations of 5-FU loaded f-MWCNTs and f-SWCNTs to estimate the cytotoxic activity. It was observed that 5-FU loaded f-SWCNTs showed good activity against selected cell lines than others. Moreover, apoptosis percentage was reported to be 84.46 ± 4.3515 and 92.78 ± 2.6549 for 5-FU loaded f-SWCNTs against MCF-7 and COLO320DM cells respectively. It is evident from the results that the prepared drug loaded CNTs have comparable antitumor activity in cancer cell lines.

Irreversibility analysis of the couple stress hybrid nanofluid flow under the effect of electromagnetic field

Purpose This paper aims to consider the heat transportation together with irreversibility analysis for the flow of couple stress hybrid nanofluid past over a stretching surface. The innovative characteristics of this paper include electro-magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) term, viscous dissipation, Joule heating and heat absorption\omission. The hybrid nanofluid is prepared due to the suspension of the solid nanoparticles of the single wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) in the blood for the testing purpose of heat transfer and drug deliveries. The experimental value of the Prandtl number used for the blood is 21 from the available literature and very large as compared to the Prandtl number of the other base fluids. Appropriate transformations are incorporated to convert the modeled partial differential equations into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used to obtain the solution. The explanation for velocity, energy and entropy are exposed under the influence of various parameters such as E, M, k, Q, S and Ec. The numerical values are calculated and summarized for dimensionless Cf and Nu. Design/methodology/approach In this investigation, heat transportation together with irreversibility analysis for the flow of couple stress hybrid nanofluid past over a stretching surface is considered. The innovative characteristics of this paper include EMHD term, viscous dissipation, Joule heating and heat absorption\omission. The hybrid nanofluid is prepared due to the suspension of the solid nanoparticles of the SWCNTs and MWCNTs in the blood for the testing purpose of heat transfer and drug deliveries. The experimental value of the Prandtl number used for the blood is 21 from the available literature and very large as compared to the Prandtl number of the other base fluids. Appropriate transformations are incorporated to convert the modeled partial differential equations into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The HAM is used to obtain the solution. The explanation for velocity, energy and entropy are exposed under the influence of various parameters such as E, M, k, Q, S and Ec. The numerical values are calculated and summarized for dimensionless Cf and Nu. Findings The explanation for velocity, energy and entropy are exposed and the flow against various influential factors is discussed graphically. The numerical values are calculated and summarized for dimensionless In addition, the current study is compared for various values of to that published literature and an impressive agreement in terms of finding is reported. It has also been noticed that the and factors retards the hybrid nanofluid flow, while the temperature of fluid becomes upsurges by the rise in these factors. Originality/value This is examined while evaluating the previously discussed publications that study on EMHD aspects of magnetized Casson type hybrid nanofluid via entropy generation research is innovative but also acknowledging that the couple stress model challenged bilaterally on stretching surface has not yet been studied. So, there is an ongoing attempt to bridge such a space.

Darcy-Forchheimer hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching curved surface with heat and mass transfer

The present article provides a detailed analysis of the Darcy Forchheimer flow of hybrid nanoliquid past an exponentially extending curved surface. In the porous space, the viscous fluid is expressed by Darcy-Forchheimer. The cylindrical shaped carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) and Fe3O4 (iron oxide) are used to synthesize hybrid nanofluid. At first, the appropriate similarity transformation is used to convert the modeled nonlinear coupled partial differential equations into nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations. Then the resulting highly nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations are analytically solved by the utilization of the “Homotopy analysis method” (HAM) method. The influence of sundry flow factors on velocity, temperature, and concentration profile are sketched and briefly discussed. The enhancement in both volume fraction parameter and curvature parameter k results in raises of the velocity profile. The uses of both Fe3O4 and CNTs nanoparticles are expressively improving the thermophysical properties of the base fluid. Apart from this, the numerical values of some physical quantities such as skin friction coefficients, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood number for the variation of the values of pertinent parameters are displayed in tabular forms. The obtained results show that the hybrid nanofluid enhances the heat transfer rate 2.21%, 2.1%, and 2.3% using the MWCNTs, SWCNTs, and Fe3O4 nanomaterials.

Microstructure and Inertial Characteristics of MHD Suspended SWCNTs and MWCNTs Based Maxwell Nanofluid Flow with Bio-Convection and Entropy Generation Past a Permeable Vertical Cone

In this research work, our goal is to scrutinize the case, where water-based nanofluids having single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) flow through a vertical cone. The second law of thermodynamic is taken for the aim of scheming effective heat storage units. The body package is layered in convective heat and diluted permeable medium. The effects of Joule heating, rotary microorganisms, heat generation/absorption, chemical reactions, and heat radiation increase the novelty of the established model. By using a local similarity transformation technique, the partial differential equations (PDEs) change into a coupled differential equation. By using the numerical technique, bvp4c, to get the solution of the conservation equations and their relevant boundary conditions. The parameters appearing in the distribution analysis of the alliance are scrutinized in detail, and the consequences are depicted graphically. It can be perceived that in the situation of composed nanotubes, the velocity of fluid decreases as the magnetic field is increased.