Low-Power Low-Area architecture of Probability Density Function Estimation for Histogram Equalization

Estimation of Probability Density Functions (PDFs) in view of accessible information is critical issue emerging in various fields, for example, broadcast communications, machine learning, information mining, design pattern recognition and Personal Computer (PC) vision. In this paper, the Look-Up Table–Carry Select Adder-PDF (LUT-CSLA-PDF) mehod is implemented to increase system performance. The LUT is one of the fast way to recognize a complex function in the digital logic circuit. In this work, The FPGA (field programmable gate array) analysis, LUT, slices, flip flops, frequency are improved as well as ASIC (application specified integrated chip) implementation analysis an area, power, delay, Area Power Product (APP), Area Delay Product (ADP) are enhanced in LUT-CSLA-PDF technique compared to conventional methods.

Study and evaluation of the stability of underground mining method used in shallow-dip vein deposits hosted in poor quality rock

Purpose.This article proposes to analyze and determine the mining design for shallow-dip deposits hosted in poor quality rock. Methods. We used the UBC tool to find the optimal exploitation method, the Rock mass rating (RMR) and Q-system (Q) to determine the optimal mining stope and the recommended rock support, the numerical modeling by RS2 software with a variety of geotechnical, geometrical, and technical conditions to analyze the evolution of the unstable zone width and the maximum total displacement around the stope after excavation. Findings. The optimum mining method designated by the UBC tool for this type of deposit is the cut and fill. By projecting the obtained RMR and Q-system values on the design graph, it is concluded that the operating stope is located in the stable zone with a height of 3 m, and bolting support is recommended. The simulation by RS2 software reveals that the optimal mining design that can be used to mine shallow-dip vein deposits hosted in poor quality rocks consists of a 3 m high stope and a 75° dip with cemented backfill. Originality.This work presents a study to choose the most suitable underground mining method and mine design for shallow-dip deposits hosted in poor quality rock. Practical implications.In the mining industry, the success of operating an underground mine is conditioned by the selection of the appropriate method, of the mining design and dimensioning of a rock support adapted to the nature of the rock, and excavation geometry according to the type and nature of the deposit.

Multi-Criteria Analysis for the Selection of the Optimal Mining Design Solution—A Case Study on Quarry “Tambura”

Mining design is usually evaluated with different multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods when it comes to large open pit or underground ore mines, but it is not used on quarry sites. Since Croatia is mostly mining stone, the implementation of such methods in decision making of the quarry mine design is imperative but left out. In this paper, the PROMETHEE II and AHP decision-making methods are implemented on the quarry site to find out the best final quarry design contour. By implementing the MCDM methods, the best quarry model was chosen based on 22 different criteria parameters out of three final quarry designs. The chosen model is not only financially sound but also has the least environmental impact.

Mechanism and Prevention and Control of Mine Earthquake in Thick and Hard Rock Strata considering the Horizontal Stress Evolution of Stope

This study investigated the mechanism, prevention measures, and control methods for earthquake disasters typically occurring in mines with thick and hard rock strata. A mine stope with large faults and thick hard rock strata in Hebei Province was taken as the background study object. Then, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation methods were adopted in conjunction with field monitoring to explore how horizontal stress evolves in the thick and hard hanging roofs of such mines, potentially leading to mining earthquakes. Then, based on the obtained results, a mining design method was proposed to reduce the horizontal stress levels of earthquake mitigation. The results showed that, under the control of large faults, semiopen and semiclosed stopes with thick hard rock strata are formed, which cause influentially pressurized and depressurized zones during the evolution of the overburden movements and horizontal stress. It was determined that the stress concentrations mainly originated from the release and transfer of horizontal stress during the rock fractures and movements in the roof areas, which were calculated using a theoretical estimation model. The horizontal stress concentrations formed “counter torques” at both ends of the thick and hard strata, which prevented the support ending due to tensile failures. As a result, the limit spans were increased. This study proposed a mining strategy of using narrow working faces, strip mining processes, and reasonable mining speeds, which could effectively reduce horizontal stress concentrations and consequently prevent and control mining earthquakes. This study’s research results were successfully applied to the mining practices in working face 16103.

Longwall top coal caving design for thick coal seam in very poor strength surrounding strata

Alpu lignite field is an important coal deposit with nearly 2 billion tons of coal resources located in the middle of Turkey. The mine deposit consists of three main seams. The thickness of two of them vary from 4 to 30 m. The surrounding rock mass is very poor in terms of strength. The high clay content and weak rock mass make mechanized mining difficult. In this research, applicability of the longwall top coal caving method was investigated. The very weak strength behavior of the coal and the surrounding strata increases the importance of research in the mine site in terms of ground control. The aim is to design the mechanized longwall mine based on ground control principles. First of all, classification of the roof, coal, inter-burden, and floor strata were classified based on geotechnical aspects. Then, cavability index, shield, and floor bearing capacity were investigated. Different methods were applied to understand the limitations of a mechanized system that is very critical due to the very low strength strata. According to the main results, roof strata was classified as immediately caving while mining height was calculated as 5–6 m. Finally, the relations among geotechnical characterizations of roof and floor strata, cutting and caving heights, and required shield capacity were presented based on analytical and numerical applications. The proposed approach can be used as a ground control method for the applicability as well as the limitations of mechanized longwall mining design in weak strata conditions.

Primena suve metode X-Ray senzorskog sortiranja/ prečišćavanja uglja – lignita sa površinskog kopa uglja „GACKO“ 20212, XXIII

This paper discusses the results of laboratory research and semi-industrial tests of lignite enrichment using X-Ray sensor sorting technology based on which the process parameters for the MMD - Main Mining Design of preparation and treatment of lignite exploited from stratified coal deposit. Also, the paper presents the process and technical solutions given in the MMD. The considered X-Ray Sensor Sorting technology has been successfully applied in the world for about 30 years for separation / sorting of various polymetallic primary and secondary raw materials, for treatment of poor ore deposits as well as for sorting coal from layered deposits.

MINE TECHNICAL SYSTEM WITH REPEATED GEOTECHNOLOGY WITHIN NEW FRAMES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERGROUND MINING OF CAVED DEPOSITS OF THE ZHEZKAZGAN FIELD

The article outlines the principles of design of repeated geotechnology at the development of reserves in the conditions of collapsed deposits of the Zhezkazgan field for the purpose of rational management of underground mining processes. This is an integral design principle of the mine technical system with repeated geotechnology, and the foundation for the practice of designing and operation of the subsoil at the development of mineral deposits. At the designing of a mine technical system with repeated geotechnology aimed at the development of collapsed subsoil reserves, the risks and natural and man-made emergencies related to the production are taken into account. Under modern conditions, mining design cannot be employed in isolation from the principles of sustainable development, which implies not only orthodox meaning but also the development that ensures society existence without threatening the needs of future generations. In this connection, the ongoing research incorporates designing of mine technical systems with due account for the principles of sustainable development, which correspond to the current priority direction related to the development of repeated geotechnology within new frames of sustainable development of repeated underground mining of reserves in the conditions of collapsed deposits of the Zhezkazgan field. This contributes to the efficient use of resource-replenishing repeated geotechnology and the possibility of the most complete development of the georesource subsoil potential due to the enhancement of the ore potential at the operation of underground mines of Kazakhmys Corporation Ltd., which is one of the largest copper mining companies in the world.

Police CrimeStat

This project aimed to automate the manual entry of the incident reports of the Philippine National Police. The system is projected to provide effective monitoring and updated statistical reports that will be used for decision-making processes. All police stations within the designated area will have an installed application that is centralized nationwide. Thus, data analysis would be easier and useful for law enforcement agencies for long-term crime bust programs. The system has the following specific objectives: first is to provide easier access to blotter reports, to improve decision making with interactive maps, to promote information sharing, and lastly, to offer statistical information of incidents. Evaluation of incident reports by an authorized officer is necessary before encoding them into the system. The data that the system needs includes the following: complainant and suspect's name(s), case details, and the type of offense. Inputted incident reports can be seen by the central office and other police stations; however, data manipulation is accessed only in the central office. The system can search and display case details in a printable format based on the user's specified query. By utilizing the Google map application program interface (API), the user can quickly locate and see the crime's exact location. This particular feature is challenging because there is a need to structure a detailed data mining design to promptly generate reliable reports. Once data are encoded in the system, the central office can create reports according to their needs. The system development started with data gathering by interviewing the Non-Uniform Personnel of Murcia Police station and performed the requirements analysis for the system.

Longwall Top Coal Caving Design for Thick Coal Seam in Very Poor Strength Surrounding Strata

Alpu lignite field is an important coal deposit with nearly 2 billion tons of coal resources located in the middle of Turkey. The mine deposit consists of three main seams. The thickness of two of them vary from 4 m to 30 m. The surrounding rock mass is very poor in terms of strength. The high clay content and weak rock mass make mechanized mining difficult. In this research, applicability of the longwall top coal caving method was investigated. The very weak strength behavior of the coal and the surrounding strata increases the importance of research in the mine site in terms of ground control. The aim is to design the mechanized longwall mine based on ground control principles. First of all, classification of the roof, coal, inter-burden, and floor strata were classified based on geotechnical aspects. Then, cavability index, shield, and floor bearing capacity were investigated. Different methods were applied to understand the limitations of a mechanized system that is very critical due to the very low strength strata. According to the main results, roof strata was classified as immediately caving while mining height was calculated as 5 m to 6 m. Finally, the relations among geotechnical characterizations of roof and floor strata, cutting and caving heights, and required shield capacity were presented based on analytical and numerical applications. The proposed approach can be used as a ground control method for the applicability as well as the limitations of mechanized longwall mining design in weak strata conditions.

Mining Design Heuristics for Additive Manufacturing Via Eye-Tracking Methods and Hidden Markov Modeling

In this research, we collected eye-tracking data from nine engineering graduate students as they redesigned a traditionally manufactured part for additive manufacturing (AM). Final artifacts were assessed for manufacturability and quality of final design, and design behaviors were captured via the eye-tracking data. Statistical analysis of design behavior duration shows that participants with more than 3 years of industry experience spend significantly less time removing material and revising than those with less experience. Hidden Markov modeling (HMM) analysis of the design behaviors gives insight to the transitions between behaviors through which designers proceed. Findings show that high-performing designers proceeded through four behavioral states, smoothly transitioning between states. In contrast, low-performing designers roughly transitioned between states, with moderate transition probabilities back and forth between multiple states.