Comparative Study on Using Various Recovery Stimulation Methods to Boost Nitrification Recovery in SBRs Inhibited by Hazardous Events

A system consisting of six SBR units was operated in parallel for three phases to investigate the impacts of salinity shock and anaerobic and aerobic starvation on the activated sludge process stability and effects of various recovery stimulation methods on the subsequent recovery period. Different recovery strategies were applied in each SBR unit, including natural recovery, adding bio-accelerators, a stepwise increase feed strategy, a stepwise strategy coupled with bio-accelerators dosing, extended aeration time, and extended aeration time coupled with bio-accelerators dosing. It was concluded that the combination of stepwise strategy and dosing bio-accelerators showed the most efficiency in boosting system recovery after being subjected to NaCl shock and starvation. The boosting effect of the stepwise strategy alone was slightly better in recovery after NaCl shock. Furthermore, extending the aeration rate could bring more positive effects when resuscitating the system after long-term anaerobic starvation. For the unit that only received dosing of bio-accelerators during the recovery period, it could be concluded that there was a specific time requirement for the bio-accelerators to take effect significantly, as the impact of bio-accelerators on the beginning days of recovery periods was very slight. In contrast, adjusting operational regimes such as stepwise increased feed volume or extending aeration time could significantly boost the SBRs from the first recovery days. Hence, highly effective recovery efficiency could be achieved by coupling dosing bio-accelerators with other operational adjustment methods, especially stepwise strategies.

Managing calves/youngstock to optimise dairy herd health

This chapter demonstrates that youngstock management can play a critical role in optimising dairy herd health. While the immediate impact of better calf management is visible to farmers in better youngstock health and growth, the long-term benefits in dairy herd productivity and survival need to be emphasised more by veterinarians and agricultural advisers. The most consistently reported management factors associated with reduced age at first calving (AFC), higher milk production and longer survival were feeding a larger volume of colostrum, offering a higher liquid feed volume preweaning, offering a higher solids milk replacer, offering whole milk and a higher average daily gain. The three health disorders most frequently associated with increased AFC, lower milk production and shorter survival were dystocia, calf diarrhoea and respiratory disease. These results have implications for producer perception and management of calfhood nutrition and health hazards and veterinary communication on calfhood disease sequelae with lag dynamics.

Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Process to Produce Micellar Casein and Milk Protein Concentrates with 80% Crude Protein Content: Partitioning of Various Protein Fractions and Constituents

The objective of the study reported in this research paper was to produce micellar casein concentrate (MCC) and milk protein concentrate (MPC) with 80% crude protein relative to total solids (TS) using MF and UF processes respectively. Additionally, capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) was used to study the protein fractions in retentate and permeate. For MCC production, 227 L of pasteurized SM was subjected to MF using 0.5-micron spiral wound polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. During the process, diafiltration (DF) water was added at six intervals, totaling 100% of the feed volume. For MPC production, 227 L of pasteurized SM from the same lot was subjected to UF using 10 kDa Polyethersulfone membranes. During the process, DF water was added at four different intervals, with a final total addition of 40% of the feed volume. Both processes used a volume reduction of five. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences in all of the compositional parameters, except fat and casein for the MF retentate (MFR) and UF retentate (UFR). UFR had a higher crude protein (CP), TS, lactose, ash and calcium content as compared to MFR and this affected the CP/TS ratio found in both the retentates. The differences in membrane pore sizes, operating pressures and level of DF used all contributed to the differences in final CP/TS ratio obtained. The CGE analysis of individual protein fractions present in the UFR and MFR showed that UFR has a β-lactaglobulin to α-lactalbumin (α-LA) ratio similar to SM, whereas the MFR has a higher ratio, indicating preferential transmission for α-LA by the MF membrane. The results from this study show that MF and UF processes could be used for production of MCC and MPC with similar CP/TS ratio with careful selection of operating parameters, and that CGE can be used for detailed analysis of various protein fractions.

The efficacy and safety of itopride in feeding intolerance of critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition: a randomized, double-blind study

Background Enteral feeding intolerance (EFI) is a frequent problem in the Intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with poor clinical outcomes leading to worse prognosis in terms of mortality and ICU stay. Nowadays, prokinetic drugs are the mainstay of therapy in EFI. However, available prokinetics have uncertain efficacy and safety profiles. Itopride, is a prokinetic agent which is different and unique from the available prokinetics because of its dual mode of action as well as its tolerability and safety. The current study compared the efficacy and safety of Itopride against metoclopramide for EFI in critically ill patients. Moreover, it tested the utility and applicability of ultrasonography to measure gastric residual volume (GRV) in this population. Methods This randomized, double-blind study included 76 EFI patients who were randomly assigned to either Itopride or metoclopramide group. The primary outcome was to measure GRV by ultrasonography. Secondary outcomes included the percentage ratio of enteral feed volume, energy and protein received by patients over 7 days of treatment, ICU length of stay, safety parameters and occurrence of infectious complications or vomiting. Results Thirty-five patients of each group completed the study. At day 7, itopride significantly decreased GRV compared with metoclopramide group (p = 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant increase in the ratios of received enteral nutrition feed volume, calories, and protein after the one-week therapy in the itopride group more than the metoclopramide group (p = 0.001), (p = 0.002), (p = 0.01), respectively and there were no differences in any secondary outcomes or adverse events between the two groups. Conclusion In critically ill patients with EFI, itopride was well tolerated with superior efficacy to metoclopramide. In addition, we demonstrated that ultrasonography is a simple, non-invasive, inexpensive, and undemanding method for GRV measurements and can offer reliable assessments in the gastric emptying modality. Trial registration The trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03698292). Date: October 5, 2018

Batch Reverse Osmosis Desalination Modeling under a Time-Dependent Pressure Profile

As world demand for clean water increases, reverse osmosis (RO) desalination has emerged as an attractive solution. Continuous RO is the most used desalination technology today. However, a new generation of configurations, working in unsteady-state feed concentration and pressure, have gained more attention recently, including the batch RO process. Our work presents a mathematical modeling for batch RO that offers the possibility of monitoring all variables of the process, including specific energy consumption, as a function of time and the recovery ratio. Validation is achieved by comparison with data from the experimental set-up and an existing model in the literature. Energetic comparison with continuous RO processes confirms that batch RO can be more energy efficient than can continuous RO, especially at a higher recovery ratio. It used, at recovery, 31% less energy for seawater and 19% less energy for brackish water. Modeling also proves that the batch RO process does not have to function under constant flux to deliver good energetic performance. In fact, under a linear pressure profile, batch RO can still deliver better energetic performance than can a continuous configuration. The parameters analysis shows that salinity, pump and energy recovery devices efficiencies are directly linked to the energy demand. While increasing feed volume has a limited effect after a certain volume due to dilution, it also shows, interestingly, a recovery ratio interval in which feed volume does not affect specific energy consumption.

PROSES PEMURNIAN FRAKSI KAYA RHODINOL MINYAK SEREH WANGI MENGGUNAKAN SPINNING BAND DISTILLATION

Indonesia, as one of the biggest countries which supplies citronella oil, has a high potential to produce natural rhodinol. Recent studies on rhodinol purification using fractional and mollecular distillation showed the difficulty of obtaining high purity and yield. The objective of this study was to determine the method of spinning band distillation to purify rhodinol regarding reflux ratio and vaporization temperature. Citronella oil was divided into three fractions according to its boiling points. The volume of each fraction was estimated by its ratio (according to GC analysis) to the feed volume: F1 (components before rhodinol) 21.73%, F2 (rhodinol) 61.7%, and residue 15.82%. Initial research established the best conditioning before the purification process was 3 mmHg of pressure, equilibration started at 160oC in 30 minutes, and 18–17% of heat rate, as these created the stability of the vapor temperature. The levels of reflux ratio were 3:1 and 5:1, while the evaporation temperatures of rhodinol were 230oC and 235 oC. Reflux ratio of 5:1 at 230oC obtained the highest purity (81.30%) and the highest yield (72.94%). Equilibration and reflux ratio allowed rectification inside the column because the spinning band homogenized the vapour molecules by its downwards flow and wiped the reflux on the inner surface, which in turn caused the molecules with a lower boiling point to evaporate gradually. Meanwhile the other yields were 79.81% (3:1 at 230 oC), 80.53% (3:1 at 235 oC), and 80.21% (5:1 at 23oC) with yields of 71.82%, 70.31%, and 68.23%. Keywords: citronella oil, purification, rhodinol, spinning band distillation

Design and Simulation of the Operating Speed Regulation Algorithm of Plot Cabbage Seed Combine Harvester

Aiming at the problems of the single control scheme, the few aspects of monitoring and diagnosis, and the large delay time of the plot combine harvester, this paper designs the forward speed control algorithm of the plot Chinese cabbage seed harvester. This paper studies the theory of association rules, has used SQL Server to build a database including the job parameters of the main monitoring objects, and has mined the association rules between the job parameters and the feed amount through Analysis Service. Combining the knowledge of association rules and ordinary fuzzy PID algorithm, the article has built a model and performed simulation verification. The results show that the algorithm can adjust the forward speed reasonably and quickly when the feed volume increases.

Evidence that informs feeding practices in very low birthweight and very preterm infants in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview of systematic reviews

BackgroundOptimal feeding of very low birthweight (VLBW <1500 g)/very preterm (gestation <32 weeks) infants in resource-limited settings in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) is critical to reducing high mortality and poor outcomes.ObjectiveTo review evidence on feeding of VLBW/very preterm infants relevant to sSA.MethodsWe searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) from inception to July 2019 to identify reviews of randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of feeding VLBW/very preterm infants. We focused on interventions that are readily available in sSA. Primary outcomes were weight gain during hospital stay and time to achieve full enteral feeds (120 mL/kg/day). Secondary outcomes were growth, common morbidities, mortality, duration of hospital stay and cognitive development. Quality of evidence (QOE) was assessed using the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR2).ResultsEight systematic reviews were included. Higher feed volume of day 1 (80 mL/kg) reduced late-onset sepsis and time to full enteral feeds, and higher feed volume (up to 300 mL/kg/day) improved weight gain without adverse events (QOE: low–moderate). Rapid advancement of feeds (30–40 mL/kg/day) was not associated with harm. Breast milk fortification with energy and protein increased growth and with prebiotics increased growth and reduced duration of admission (QOE: low–very low) and did not result in harm. Evidence regarding feeding tube placement and continuous versus bolus feeds was insufficient to draw conclusions. We found no reviews meeting our selection criteria regarding when to start feeds, use of preterm formula, cup-and-spoon feeding or gravity versus push feeds and none of the reviews included trials from low-income countries of sSA.ConclusionsThe evidence base informing feeding of VLBW/very preterm babies in resource-limited settings in sSA is extremely limited. Pragmatic studies are needed to generate evidence to guide management and improve outcomes for these highly vulnerable infants.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019140204.

DAMPAK PEMBERIAN ROTI AFKIR TERHADAP EFISIENSI REPRODUKSI SAPI PERAH Friesian Holstein DI WILAYAH KERJA KPSP SETIA KAWAN NONGKOJAJAR, PASURUAN

The purpose of this research is to know the impact of bread waste to efficiency reproduction of Friesian Holstein cow in regional working KPSP Setia Kawan Nongkojajar, Pasuruan by value Service per Conception (S/C), Conception Rate (CR), Days Open (DO). Method in this research is the dependent variable observed is the reproductive efficiency, the dependent variable as a supporter is the cow has given birth, the healthy dairy cow, the feed volume given. The data obtained is processed by using descriptive analysis to get the reproduction efficiency figure. The result of the research indicate that the value of Service per Conception (S/C) = 1.5 ± 0.69 times, Days Open (DO) = 95.6 ± 11.32 days and Conception Rate (CR) = 65% and Fertility Status (FS) = 72,4%. Results of this study can be concluded that bread waste provided by the breeder as an additional feed for dairy cow has no significant effect.

Research on Recovery Mechanism and Process of Waste Thermosetting Phenolic Resins Based on Mechanochemical Method

The present study analyzed the recovery mechanism of the thermosetting phenolic resin waste, optimizing the recovery process parameters, based on the mechanochemical recovery method. The physical and chemical structure of the ultrapulverized phenolic resin powder was characterized by the low-field NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), IR (infrared spectroscopy), and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The recovery process parameters were designed by using the response surface analysis method, and the multiple quadratic regression model was established and the multiobjective process parameter was optimized. The results show that the body network structure of the material is destroyed during the crushing process. The intensity of the internal cross-linking signal is reduced and tends to be stable at about 60%, when the particle size exceeds 120 mesh. The cross-linking bonds methylene (-CH2-) in the main chain of the molecular chain and the C-O bond in the methylol group on the branch are broken. The tensile strength of the recycled sheet made of the phenolic resin powder is 8.27 MPa, and the bending strength is 17.76 Mpa through the mechanical properties test. The influences on the change rate of the cross-linking signal intensity and the yield of the recycled powder are in the following order: rotation speed, feed size, time, and feed volume. The best recovery parameters are as follows: rotation speed of 2820 r/min, time of 80 min, feed particle diameter of 0.43 mm, and feed volume of 60 g.