REVIEW ON HERBAL LOZENGES PREPARED FOR COLD AND FLU.

Traditional medicine and herbal formulation have been used by mankind for the care and treatment of various diseases and disorder. Throat infections are most common diseases in today’s world. However it is not taken too seriously by people long term throat infection can lead to severe throat problems pharyngitis and also cancer. The polyherbal lozenges are solid preparation that contains one or more medicaments usually during a flavored, sweetened base that are intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly within the mouth. The benefits of they medicated lozenges is that they increase a retention time of the dosage form in mouth which increases bioavailability, reduces gastric irritation and bypasses first pass metabolism. Keywords: polyherbal lozenges, pharyngitis

Review on Lozenges

Lozenges are one of the widely used solid, unit dosage form of medicament which are meant to be dissolved in mouth or pharynx. The benefits of the medicated lozenges is they increase the retention time of the dosage form in oral cavity which increases bioavailability, reduces gastric irritation and bypasses first pass metabolism. This dosage form can be adopted for local as well as systemic therapy and a wide range of active ingredient can be incorporated in them. The present review covers more or less all aspects associated with lozenge such as its manufacturing, classification, evaluation and its application Lozenges are one of the widely used solid, unit dosage form of medicament which are meant to be dissolved in mouth or pharynx. The benefits of the medicated lozenges is they increase the retention time of the dosage form in oral cavity which increases bioavailability, reduces gastric irritation and bypasses first pass metabolism. This dosage form can be adopted for local as well as systemic therapy and a wide range of active ingredient can be incorporated in them. The present review covers more or less all aspects associated with lozenge such as its manufacturing, classification, evaluation and its application.

Human Poisoning due to Delphinium species in the Himalayan Region of Nepal: A Case Report

The Delphinium species herb, common name ‘Nirmasi’ in Nepal, is one of the community level flower herbs used as medicinal ingredients in various clinical problems in Manang District and other Himalayan parts of Nepal. Roots of the plants from the genus Delphinium have been used for a long time for headache, epilepsy, mania, paralysis, rheumatism, toothache, and various types of pain. However, many species of Delphinium are poisonous and look quite similar in morphology to the beneficial ones. As a result, accidental poisoning is common. Poisoning due to these plants results in symptoms due to gastric irritation, competitive neuromuscular blockade, and cardiotoxicity caused by various alkaloids present in them. We report here a case of poisoning due to Delphinium species ingestion presenting as hypotension and bradycardia managed successfully with symptomatic treatment.

Study of the Antibacterial Activity of a New Prolonged-Release Dental Dosage form Containing Doxycycline and Lidocaine

A dental infection, Gingivitis is a common and mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness and swelling (inflammation) of your gums. Gingivitis is able to escort to much more grave gum disease (periodontitis) and eventual tooth loss. To treat dental problems painkillers along with antibiotics and some dental paints are the commonly prescribed But the common side effects of most of the painkillers are hyperacidity and gastric irritation most antibiotics due to slow onset of action and hepatic “first-pass” effect fail to produce prompt and prolong actions. Moreover, most of the dental formulations are washed out by saliva within a few hours of application. Hypothesis of the study is that if a soft moldable gummy material containing analgesic as well as antibiotic drugs is attached to an offending tooth and sustained drug release occurs from it, a extended local action of the drugs is achieved. Ethyl cellulose, gum tragacanth, hydroxyl propyl cellulose, PEG-400 and carbopol 934 were used to prepare denticap containing Doxycycline hydrate and lidocaine.

A NOVEL APPROACH IN DESIGNING ENTERIC-COATED ANTIPLATELET DRUG FOR BYPASSING STOMACH AND GASTRIC IRRITATION

Objective: The innovative approach in this investigation is making an enteric-coated acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for antiplatelet activity using a novel excipient. Methods: A novel methodology used in making ASA tablets for tackling the stomach irritation of ASA, by including Plantago ovata seed mucilage as a tablet binder. ASA compatibility with P. ovata seed mucilage was judged by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) studies. All tablets were prosecuted for flow properties, physicochemical constraints, and release. Results: The enteric-coated tablets established no interface by FTIR and DSC lessons. All the tablets possessed physicochemical constraints. The ASA showed its opposition to discharge in the stomach (2 h) and errand in a basic buffer (within 45 min). Conclusions: The work revealed that with the help of P. ovata as a tablet binder will resolve the disputes connected to gastric irritation.

Computational analysis of eugenol inhibitory activity in lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways

Chronic inflammation is triggered by numerous diseases such as osteoarthritis, Crohn's disease and cancer. The control of the pro-inflammatory process can prevent, mitigate and/or inhibit the evolution of these diseases. Therefore, anti-inflammatory drugs have been studied as possible compounds to act in these diseases. This paper proposes a computational analysis of eugenol in relation to aspirin and diclofenac and analyzing the ADMET profile and interactions with COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes, important enzymes in the signaling pathway of pro-inflammatory processes. Through the analysis of ADMET in silico, it was found that the pharmacokinetic results of eugenol are similar to NSAIDs, such as diclofenac and aspirin. Bioinformatics analysis using coupling tests showed that eugenol can bind to COX-2 and 5-LOX. These results corroborate with different findings in the literature that demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity with less gastric irritation, bleeding and ulcerogenic side effects of eugenol. The results of bioinformatics reinforce studies that try to propose eugenol as an anti-inflammatory compound that can act in the COX-2/5-LOX pathways, replacing some NSAIDs in different diseases.

The Effect of Combination of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium Polymers to The Physical Properties of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Ethanolic Extract Patch

Celery herbs (Apium graveolens L.) contain apigenin compounds (flavonoids) that are effective as antihypertensiv. Celery herbs used in the form of decoction and oral preparations have a deficiency that is voluminous and can cause gastric irritation. Patches were chosen because it can prevent gastric irritation and reduce the frequency of drug administration because the drug is delivered over the skin with a long duration. This study aimed to know the effect of variations in the ratio of the concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC sodium) polymers to the physical properties of celery herbs ethanol extract patch.This study was conducted with maceration of celery herbs using 96% ethanol and then dispersed in patch made with variations in the concentrations ratio of HPMC and CMC sodium polymers of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3. Patches were tested for physical properties including organoleptic, pH, thickness, weight, folding endurance, and moisture content. Statistical analysis of test data used One Way ANOVA and Paired Samples T Test.The results of statistical analysis showed that the increase concentrations ratio of CMC sodium polymer in the combination of HPMC and CMC sodium polymers could increase the thickness, weight, and moisture content of celery herbs ethanol extract patch. The best patch was formula 2 with the same concentration ratio of HPMC and CMC sodium polymers because it showed the best results with a pH 6,12-6,29, thickness 1,37-1,53 mm, weighting 2,24-2,52 gram, folding endurance more than 300 times, and the moisture content was quite stable.

Evaluation of diclofenac niosomal gel formulated with Grewia gum for topical delivery

The purpose of this study was to formulate niosomal gel for topical delivery of diclofenac using Grewia gum as gelling agent. Niosomes containing 1g of diclofenac were formed using the thin film hydration (TFH) method. Niosomal gels were then formulated using a semi-synthetic polymer, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and a natural polymer, Grewia gum as gelling agents. The formulated gels were evaluated for spreadability, viscosity, extrudability, homogeneity, clarity and pH. Results show that gels having pH and viscosity ranges of 6.8-7.3 and 265-490 Poise respectively were formed. The gels were homogenous, clear and showed good spreadability and extrudability except for batches F7 and F8. The gels formulated using the test gum, Grewia gum compared favourably with those of the standard polymer, HPMC as well as with the marketed gel. Formulation F5 containing 2% w/w Grewia gum, the optimized batch, showed viscosity of 265 poise, pH of 6.9, spreadability and extrudability values of 5.55 cm and 5.00 g/s respectively. In conclusion, Grewia gum at a concentration of 2% w/w could be used in the formulation niosomal gel for the delivery of diclofenac, which would help to circumvent the potential gastric irritation of diclofenac when used orally. Keywords: Niosomes; Grewia gum; Diclofenac; Lipid hydration; Topical delivery

Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Properties of Aspirin - Entrapped Solid Lipid Microparticles

Background: Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is very effective in the treatment of inflammation and other health conditions, however, it causes gastric irritation. Recently, researchers have developed patents (US9757529, 2019) of inhalable aspirin for rapid absorption and circumvention of gastric irritation. Objective: The aim of this work was to formulate aspirin-loaded lipid based formulation in order to enhance oral bioavailability and inhibit gastric irritation. Methods: This solid lipid microparticles loaded with aspirin (SLM) was formulated by a modified cold homogenization-solvent evaporation method. In vitro studies such as in vitro drug release, particle size, Encapsulation Efficiency (EE), micromeritic properties and loading capacity were carried out. Pharmacodynamics studies such as anti-inflammatory and ulcerative properties of the SLM were also carried out in Wistar rats. Results: The results showed that aspirin entrapped SLM exhibited the highest EE of 72% and particle size range of 7.60 + 0.141µm to 20.25 + 0.070µm. Formulations had about 55% drug release at 6h in simulated intestinal fluid pH 6.8. The formulations had good flowability that could facilitate filling into hard gelatin capsule shells. The SLM exhibited 100% gastroprotection against aspirin-induced ulcers (p < 0.05). The percentage of anti-inflammatory activities also showed that aspirin-entrapped SLM had 78% oedema inhibition at 7h, while the reference had 68% inhibition at 7h. Conclusion: Aspirin-entrapped SLM showed good sustained-release properties, enhanced antiinflammatory properties and total gastric protection from aspirin-induced ulcers and could be used as once-daily oral aspirin.