Maximum Absorption of the Global 21 cm Spectrum in the Standard Cosmological Model

The absorption feature in the global spectrum is likely the first 21 cm observable from the cosmic dawn, which provides valuable insights into the earliest history of structure formation. We run a set of high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations of early structure formation to assess the effect of nonlinear structure formation on the maximum absorption level (i.e., assuming the spin temperature coupling is saturated) of the global 21 cm spectrum in the standard cosmological framework. We ignore the star formation and feedbacks, which also tend to reduce the absorption signal, but take into account the inevitable nonlinear density fluctuations in the intergalactic medium (IGM), shock-heating, and Compton-heating, which can reduce the absorption level. We found that the combination of these reduced the maximum absorption signal by ∼15% at redshift 17, as compared with the homogeneous or linearly-fluctuating IGM. These effects have to be carefully accounted for when interpreting the observational results, especially when considering the necessity of introducing new physics.

Relationship of plant types to noise pollution absorption level to improve the quality of the road environment

The road conditions with high density and noise levels as well as the limited availability of plants along the road could lead to an increase in noise pollution. The quality of the road environment is influenced by the types of plants planted along the road. This study aims to determine the relationship between types of plants in absorbing noise pollution to improve the quality of the road environment. Data on plant type and noise levels on urban roads are obtain from previous research that has been conducted in several road segments in urban areas. The analysis will show the relationship between certain types of plants in reducing the level of noise pollution along urban roads. The reduced level of noise pollution due to absorption by certain types of plants can increase the comfort of road users in driving. In addition, improving the quality of the road environment can also support the implementation of the Green Infrastructure concept. Therefore, the quality of the road environment can be one of the considerations in planning urban roads.

Favorable Preoperative Exocrine Function Evaluated by 13C Trioctanoin Breath Test is a Significant Physiological Predictor of Pancreatic Fistula After Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Aim The association between the pancreatic fistula (PF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and preoperative exocrine function has yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between the preoperative results of 13C-trioctanoin breath test and occurrence of PF, showing the clinical relevancy of the breath test to predict the PF. Method In the present study, the subject were 80 patients who underwent 13C trioctanoin breath test prior to PD from 2006 to 2018. We conducted the uni- and multivariate analyses to reveal the preoperative predictor of PF, showing the association of the 13C trioctanoin absorption and incidence of PF. Results: Among 80 patients (Age:68.0+/-11.9, male/female:46/34, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: PDAC/non-PDAC: 30/50), the incidence of PF is 12.5% (10/80). When we compared the levels of 13C trioctanoin absorption between PF and non-PF group, preoperative fat absorption level is significantly higher than in the PF group than in the non-PF group (41.2+/-5.9 vs. 33.9+/-8.1, p = 0.019). Moreover, optimal cut-off value of the preoperative fat absorption level to predict PF was 38.0 (sensitivity:90%, specificity:74%, AUC:0.78, p = 0.005). Indeed, the incidence of PF was extremely higher in the patients whose value of breath test was greater than 38.0 (33%, 9/27) compared to the patients with those less than 38.0 (1.8%, 1/53). Conclusion Favorable preoperative fat absorption evaluated by 13C trioctanoin breath test is a feasible and objective predictor of PF after PD.

The creativity and character in Korea teacher education

Creativity is the ability of people to be innovative in their approach to problems, situations and life in general. Character is a person’s moral standards. Creativity and character are two concepts that are essential in the teaching process. A teacher can influence their student’s character and they can improve the student’s absorption level through innovative ways of teaching. This study reports the implementation of an education programme for pre-service teachers in Korea and how the programme affected their creativity and character. It was a qualitative research that collected data from in-depth interviews with 13 participants from the programme. Pre-teachers indicated that they often distinguished clearly between the competence of creativity, an example of its occurrence in the classroom and what feature of that example made it creative to be self-developed. The implementation of the programme encouraged student teachers to inter-communicate and share ideas among others within the classroom. Keywords: Creativity, character, German daily life, German university life, Korea, teacher, education.

Analysis of Aid Absorption in Burkina Faso: Could Donors’ Coordination Play an Effective Role?

This study assesses absorption level of aid in Burkina Faso and analyzes the factors that determine this level. The analysis postulates that the level in absorbing aid is low and assumes that this level is determined by the multiplicity of donors and by mechanisms used to coordinate aid. To test this assumption, the study uses secondary data collected from 10 sectors of public administration over the period 2000-2019. Aid allocated to these sectors represented at least 75% of total aid received by the country during this period. The assessment indicate that about 58.46% of aid allocated to these sectors was effectively spent. Factors determining this absorption level were estimated using a Tobit model. The results conclude that the limiting factors lie both in donors’ behavior and in aid coordination mechanisms. Thus, better donors’ coordination could be an effective mechanism to improve aid absorption in these sectors.

The Spatial Pattern of the Absorption of Cohesion Policy Funds in Polish Rural Areas

This paper determines the extent to which rural areas in Poland have been beneficiaries of the EU’s Cohesion Policy (CP). The amount of funds allocated to rural areas at the local (gmina/commune) level as part of the total CP obtained by Poland from 2007 to 2018 was estimated. The spatial distribution of that allocation was then determined. Whether the level of absorption is linked to the separately computed rural development level in communes was examined. This then made it possible not just to determine the spatial pattern of the absorption of CP funds but also to identify the main social and economic correlates of their high levels of absorption. It was found that nearly 40% of CP funds for Poland were allocated to rural areas, inhabited by 40% of the country’s population. However, this seemingly balanced allocation was somewhat undermined by its spatial distribution: the highest absorption was reported in over a third of communes with a high level of development while it was also found in less than a fifth of communes with a low level of development. Communes with higher levels of absorption have a more favourable local budget situation and a high degree of deagrarianisation of their local economies. The absorption level is more highly correlated with the variables characterising the extent to which an agricultural area has turned into a multifunctional area than with a commune’s absorptive capacity.

DIGITAL MODELLING OF OPTIMIZATION PROCESS OF ANTIREFLECTION COVERING FOR SILICON SOLAR CELLS

Results of research of influence of single ne and multilayered antireflection coverings on optical characteristics of silicon are discussed. Results received by program system "PVlighthouse" with the appendix “STGraphs”, developed by authors on a basis “C#9.0”. Spectral curve dependences of an indicator of absorption of light on a thickness of an antireflection covering and base silicon are resulted. Using of multilayered antireflection coverings aren’t sufficient for keeping of absorption level of light at small thickness of silicon. It is expedient to use surfaces texturing wich promote more effective lengthening of a beams way of in a thickness of silicon.

ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF IMPERATA CYLINDRICA ROOT METHANOL EXTRACT IN RATS

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory activity of Imperatacylindrica root methanol extract on glucose absorption level in intestine of male Wistar strain rats at a dose of 90 mg/kg-bw, which is a dose having antihypertensive activity. Methods: Extract inhibitory activity on the glucose absorption level in the intestine of the rats followed Soedigdo-Marsongkohadi method. Glucose absorption level was measured from a mixture of 30 mmol glucose in 0.9 % sodium chloride solution as the control solution and a mixture of the extract at the dose of 90 mg/kg-bw in another control solution as the tested solution Results: The result showed that the extract at the dose of 90 mg/kg-bw had significant activity (p<0.05) to decrease the glucose absorption level in the intestine of the rats. Conclusion: I. cylindrica root methanol extract at the dose of 90 mg/kg-bw had a significant activity to inhibit the glucose absorption level in the intestine of the rats. Thereby, the extract at the dose of 90 mg/kg-bw had antihyperglycemic activity.

Investigation of Bonding Force Element and the Swelling and Shrinkage Behavior of Hydrophobic Compressed Oil Palm Trunk (OTP) Panel

The surfaces with characteristic of water repellent, corrosion resistance and self-cleaning is important to achieve for the commercial application. The uses of hydrophobic on the compressed oil palm trunk (OPT) give opportunity for OPT become the potential product for indoor and outdoor furniture application and paneling by increase the characteristic of OPT surface with variances parameter. In this study, the characteristic and behavior of OPT was determined by investigates the functional groups exist in samples and the bonding force between them using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy that show the similar pattern of hydrophobic OPT and silica nanoparticles. This research also focuses on study the swelling and shrinkage behavior of hydrophobic OPT with uncoated OPT by experimental approach that resulted on average of 20% less water absorption level and 38% reduction of thickness swelling compared to uncoated OPT.