Functional methods of investigation of respiratory system in asthma

The article deals with the application of functional methods for the study of the respiratory system, such as spirometry, bronchodilatation test, stress testing to detect bronchial hyperreactivity, provocative test with metacholine, impulse oscillometry, body plethysmography for the diagnosis, following up and prediction of the course of asthma.

A Pre Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Laughter Therapy on Level of Stress among Elderly Residents of Selected Old Age Home, Delhi

Background: Mental health plays vital role in older age as at any other time of life. Many old age people find themselves more alone than ever before as longstanding friends and relatives die and family and friends relocate to different geographical areas. The most common emotional disorder in the elderly population is stress. Laughter therapy is very effective to reduce the stress level of elderly residents of old age home. The aim of study is to assess the effectiveness of stress among elderly residents of old age home. Material and method: A Pre experimental design was used to assess the effectiveness of laughter therapy on levels of stress among elderly residents of old age home, Delhi. A structured stress assessment tool was administered to assess the level of stress. Result: A pre-experimental study was conducted on 60 subjects of elderly population in selected old age home, Delhi. Pilot study was conducted on 10 subjects to ensure the reliability of the tool and feasibility of the study. The data was collected from month of February 2020 to March 2020.The finding of the study revealed that pre-test stress score, 1(1.7%) had no stress, 19(31.7%) had mild stress, 39(65.0%) had moderate stress and 1(1.7%) had severe stress and the post-test score was 6(10%) had no stress, 50 (83.3%) had mild stress, 4(6.7%) moderate stress and none had severe stress. The mean stress pre-test score was (51.7) and post-test stress score was (34.4). It was found significant association (p-<0.05) on reduction of stress from moderate to mild stress. Hence, laughter therapy was effective in reduction of stress among elderly residents. The association between stress and selected demographic variables (age, sex, marital status, educational status, financial support, social- support, religion, per- capita monthly income and frequency of visit by family members) was determined by using paired “t”-test and chi-square to establish statistical significance. There was no association between the pre interventional levels of stress. Conclusion: The study highlights that Laughter therapy was effective in reducing the stress levels among elderly residents of Pita Ji old age home, DhashrathPuri, Delhi. Key words: Assess, effectiveness, Laughter therapy, Stress, Elderly, Old age home.

Using a computer scoring system to correlate stress response and indicators in the Draw-a-Person-in-the-Rain Test

We designed a computer scoring system to examine the correlation between the Draw-a-Person-in-the-Rain (DAPR) Test stress indicators and the Stress Reaction Questionnaire. Participants were 155 undergraduate college students in China. We extracted and calculated the following stress indicators as depicted in the DAPR artworks: number of raindrops, average distance between raindrops, average raindrop length, and area covered by raindrops. Results demonstrate that the level of stress response had significant positive correlations with the number of raindrops, the average distance between raindrops, and the area covered by raindrops. There was no significant correlation between stress response and the average raindrop length. Satisfactory positive correlations between the DAPR stress indicators and stress response indicate that the software scoring system of DAPR is objective and accurate. The use of software in assessing DAPR artworks may solve the problem of interrater reliability and may improve the scientificity of this technique.

Brittle Crack Arrestability and Inverse Fracture in DWTT

The drop-weight tear test (DWTT) has been widely used to evaluate the resistance of linepipe steels against brittle crack propagation, and the shear area fraction SA% in the DWTT has been adopted in the requirement for the linepipe steels. However, recent studies have pointed out the issue of ambiguity in evaluation of the DWTT when a ductile crack initiates from the notch and then transits to a brittle crack during ductile crack propagation. This fracture behavior is termed “inverse fracture.” According to the API Recommended Practice 5L3 (API RP 5L3), a test is considered invalid when a DWTT specimen shows inverse fracture. In this case, it is difficult to examine the acceptance criterion (85% shear area transition temperature) for linepipe steels. Because the purpose of the DWTT is to evaluate the brittle crack arrestability of the steels in a pressurized linepipe, the DWTT results should be examined with a propagating brittle crack arrest test. A large-scale brittle crack arrest test called the West Jefferson test is generally conducted to reproduce the crack propagation and arrest behavior in actual linepipes. However, it is somewhat difficult to control the lower test temperature and to initiate brittle crack in recent high-toughness steels in this burst test. Although the test stress conditions of the uniaxial tension in the plate tension brittle crack arrest test and the biaxial tension in a pressurized pipe are different, the plate tension brittle crack arrest test has the advantages of accurate control of the test temperature, test stress, and brittle crack initiation in comparison with the actual pipe burst test. Therefore, in this study, the brittle crack arrestability of linepipe steel which showed inverse fracture in the DWTT was investigated by conducting plate tension brittle crack arrest tests under an isothermal condition (crack arrest temperature test (CAT test)), which simulates the condition of the actual pipelines in service. This study also investigated the local shear lip thickness fraction in the CAT tests together with the shear area fraction SA% measured in DWTTs. Based on the results, the effect of brittle crack arrestability on inverse fracture appearance in the DWTTs was discussed in comparison with the brittle crack arrest behavior in the CAT tests.

SELECTION OF PATIENTS WITH CONCOMITANT CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE FOR ANATOMICAL RESECTIONS IN LUNG CANCER (review of literature)

The analysis of literature on the possibility of performing anatomical pulmonary resections in patients with concomitant COPD was performed. According to most researchers, FEV1 and DL (CO) more than 80 % indicated a high probability of an uncomplicated postoperative period after any anatomical resection of the lung. If the specified parameters were less than 80 %, additional studies were required: functional tests (6-minute walk test, staircase test), stress testing, calculation of predicted postoperative values of respiratory function, and, if necessary, lung scintigraphy could be performed to study regional respiratory function. The decision about the possibility and need for surgical treatment should have been made individually at the threshold values of these parameters. At the same time, there is currently no system for assessing the risk of postoperative complications for a particular patient, based on all the information about it, which represents the potential for further research.The authors declare no conflict of interest.The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

Study on the Measurement of Stress in the Surface of Selective Laser Melting Forming Parts Based on the Critical Refraction Longitudinal Wave

Measurement and control of stress in the metal forming layer is the basic problem of selective laser melting (SLM) forming parts. The critical refraction longitudinal (LCR) wave method to test stress in metallic materials has been extensively studied. However, when testing of stress in selective laser melting (SLM) forming parts using this method, some deep-seated regularities of this technology are still not clear. In order to reveal the mechanism of the LCR wave method to measure stress in SLM forming parts, specimens made of 316 L stainless steel were manufactured using meander, stripe, and chessboard scanning strategies. Static load tensile test were applied to SLM forming specimens, with the purpose to demonstrate the scanning strategy has important effect on the LCR wave method to test stress in SLM forming parts. The regularity of the LCR wave velocity on stress is obtained in this study. The anisotropic microstructure of SLM forming parts has an unneglectable effect on the LCR wave stress test. The essential principle of anisotropic microstructure effecting the LCR wave velocity in SLM forming parts were revealed in the experiments. The results of the experiment provide a basis for non-destructive and reliable test of stress in SLM forming parts and other inhomogeneous materials.

ANALISA KEKUATAN TARIK PADUAN ALUMINIUM DENGAN MAGNESIUM PADA DUDUKAN SHOCKBREAKER UKURAN 70 X 30 X 30 mm

AbstrakAluminium adalah logam Non-Ferrous yang banyak digunakan pada proses pengecoran , Aluminium pada keadaan murni mempunyai sifat mekanik yang buruk sehingga perlu ditambahkan unsur paduan lain guna meningkatkan sifat mekanisnya. Sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimen pada paduan Aluminium-Magnesium. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui nilai tegangan dan regangan dengan uji tarik pada aduan Aluminium- Magnesium untuk digunakan sebagai bahan pada dudukan Shockbreaker sepeda motor dengan penambahan unsur magnesium sebesar 3%, 5%, dan 7%. Hasil uji tarik menunjukkan sifat mekanis Aluminium dengan penambahan unsur Magnesium. Nilai tegangan pada paduan Al-Mg 3%, Al-Mg 5%, dan Al-Mg 7% berturut-turut adalah 161,15 MPa, 142,04 Mpa dan 91,28 MPa dan nilai regangan pada paduan Al-Mg 3%, Al-Mg 5%, dan Al-Mg 7% adalah 0,05, 0,03 dan 0,02. Nilai tegangan dan regangan dapat dilihat perbedaannya pada setiap spesimen uji. Dengan bertambahnya persen Magnesium pada pengujian tarik maka nilai tegangan dan regangan akan menurun.Kata kunci : Aluminium-Magnesium, Uji tarik, Tegangan dan Regangan, Dudukan Shockbreaker.AbstractAluminium is a Non-Ferrous metal that is widely used in casting process, aluminium in pure state has poor mechanical properties, so it is necessary to add other alloying elements to improve its mechanical properties. so it is necessary to do research using eksperimental method on aluminium-magnesium. The purpose of the research is to know the stress and strain with tensile test on aluminium-magnesium alloy to be used as material on motorbike shockbreaker holder with addition magnesium 3%, 5% and 7%. Tensile test results show the mecanical properties of aluminium with The addition of magnesium elementer. The stress values of alloy of Al-Mg 3%, AlMg 5% and Al-Mg 7% were 161,15 MPa, 142,04 MPa And 91, MPa and 91,28 MPa respectively. And value of strain on alloys Al-Mg 3%, Al-Mg 5% and 7% is 0,05, 0,03 and 0,02. The stress and strain values can be seen diffferently on each test, The stress and strain values will decrease.Keywords : Aluminium-Magnesium, Tensile test, stress and strain, Shockbreaker Holder.

Deformation profile of a piece of japonica cooked rice with squeezing test

The texture of cooked rice plays an important role in the characteristics of cooked rice. It can be firmness or stickiness depends on the amount of amylopectin inside the cooked rice, the higher the content will be more stickiness. Japonica rice is the type of rice with highest amylopectin content. Therefore the texture is the most stickiness. This research is to define the stickiness of japonica cooked rice using stress-strain behavior through uniaxial compression test. Stress defined as a normal force divided by a cross-sectional area in the horizontal plane while strain as a shrinking ratio of cooked rice. A single Japonica cooked rice squeezed using parallel plate type rheometer with constant velocity (0,2; 0,5; 1; 2; 4 mm/s). The deformation process of cooked rice was recorded from both side and bottom views to measure area transformation. The result showed that stress-strain of the deformation of cooked japonica rice was strongly depended on velocity. The low velocity (0,2;0,5;1 and 1 mm/s) are same with high velocity (2 and 4 mm/s) the during first deformation but significantly different statistically in the later deformation.