Quintilian on Effective Language

Books 8 and 9 of the Institutio take up the third major division of rhetoric, elocutio or effective rhetorical style. Here Quintilian offers an encyclopaedic review of choices and devices at the word, sentence, and passage level, providing examples of their functions and potential abuses. Book 8 covers three of the four virtues of style: correctness, clarity, and ornatus or force. Quintilian favours everyday usage in word choice and warns against the faults of monotony, excess, and offensiveness. He praises visualizing language (enargeia), demurs on sententiae or pithy expressions, and reviews amplifying tactics, such as placing an item in, at the top, or even beyond a rising series, leading to speechlessness. The final section reviews twelve tropes, with special attention to how metaphors are invented. Book 9 opens with a definition of figures of speech as departures from normal usage, and discusses how the form of an expression contributes to its function. It then covers the ‘figures of thought’ such as prosopopoeia and irony, and the syntactic figures or schemes including figures of repetition. The last part treats compositio, involving word order, sound, and rhythm. Using the metrical vocabulary of poetry, Quintilian analyses prosody in terms of the proportion of long to short syllables, creating the pace of a passage, and then discusses prose rhythm in terms of the comma, colon, and period. Overall, Quintilian’s rich and complex treatment of rhetorical style should fuel continuing investigations.

The Field of Relational Sociology

I offer a qualitative sketch and a brief empirical analysis of relational sociology as a scientific field. The field consists of scholarly communication that adheres to the label “relational sociology”, articulating and elaborating the idea that the social world is structured in relations. Within this general orientation, very different versions of relational sociology exist. These rest on diverging conceptions of the key term “social relations” and on different epistemological approaches (pragmatism, critical realism, constructive empiricism). These patterns are reconstructed by way of correspondence analyses of co-citation patterns of authors in the chapters of The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology. Contemporary self-proclaimed relational sociologists (Crossley, Dépelteau, Donati, Emirbayer) here co-feature with sociological classics rebranded under the label as key references in the field. The major division reflects a separation between authors working on the theoretical reflection of network research, on the one hand, and those focusing on the theoretical formulation of a social world made of relations, on the other hand. This second tendency then bifurcates into pragmatism-inspired authors and critical realists.

17. Property Law and Human Rights

This chapter reflects on the interaction between property law and human rights law. Property law and human rights can interact in a number of different ways. The major division distinguishes those cases where human rights arguments are made to ‘bolster’ an existing property law-based argument, and those where the human rights argument is made to attempt to limit the scope of a property right. Thus, one can see the rules of property law and human rights working together, or they can be in conflict. The chapter first identifies the sources of human rights in English law, and then considers which rights are particularly important in relation to property law. It also looks at the mechanics by which key human rights interact with property law, and examines the question of horizontal effect in that context. Finally, the chapter addresses how human rights arguments have had influence in particular areas of land law, focusing on adverse possession, leases, actions for possession against trespassers, and mortgages.

Macroevolutionary analyses indicate that repeated adaptive shifts towards predatory diets affect functional diversity in Neotropical cichlids

During adaptive radiation, diversification within clades is limited by adaptation to the available ecological niches, and this may drive patterns of both trait and species diversity. However, adaptation to disparate niches may result in varied impacts on the timing, pattern and rate of morphological evolution. In this study, we examined the relationship between feeding ecology and functional diversification across a diverse clade of freshwater fishes, the Neotropical cichlids. Species dietary niches were ordinated via multivariate analysis of stomach content data. We investigated changes in the rate and pattern of morphological diversification associated with feeding, including dietary niche and degree of dietary specialization. A major division in dietary niche space was observed between predators that consume fish and macroinvertebrates vs. other groups with diets dominated by small invertebrates, detritus or vegetation. These trophic niches were strongly associated with groupings defined by functional morphospace. Clades within the piscivore/macroinvertivore group rarely transitioned to other dietary niches. Comparatively, high dietary specialization enhanced functional diversification, driving the evolution of more extreme morphologies. Divergent patterns of trophic diversification among Neotropical cichlids appear to derive from different performance demands in regional abiotic and biotic environments associated with biogeographical history.

Analisa Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Sesudah Dan Sebelum Restrukturisasi Dengan Metode Economic Value Added (Studi Kasus Pt M)

Maximize the profit, it was a belief that every financial worker knows in their mind while they work, even though in present day maximize the shareholder’s equity is the belief. There are many measurements to analyze financial performance of a company and EVA (Economic Value Added) was add to measure the company financial performance within year 2009 until 2016. In this study, PT M one of the well-known holding group company in Indonesia has facing a financial struggle within the internal company under the holding. So restructuring was decision to do on 2013 as turning point of the financial company. The result of the test with Wilcoxon signed ranked test is said that there is no difference between the company do restructuring or not do it. In fact, the financial performance of the company gotten worse for the restructuring process, but it is very dilemmatic inside the holding because if PT M not do the restructuring, one of the major division will collapse and giving threat to the holding company.

Student Athlete Compensation: An Alternative Compensation Model for All Athletes Competing in NCAA Athletics

The Ed O’Bannon (O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2015) case has brought student athlete compensation to the national spotlight. While the NCAA continues to defend its policy of amateurism, the time for college athlete compensation may soon become a reality. College athlete compensation models have previously included a revenue sharing model similar to that of professional sports leagues. While this model was worthwhile, it only took into account basketball and football. The current paper will argue for a market-economy based compensation model. This model takes into account the revenues generated by each university team, while also accounting for a player and team’s performance. Justifications for this model will be explored, as this model will allows for various options for athlete compensation. This paper will conclude with an example of the model’s utility through using publically accessible data for a major Division-1 college program.

Ideology

An ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs and attitudes, consciously or unconsciously held, which reflects or shapes understandings or misconceptions of the social and political world. It serves to recommend, justify or endorse collective action aimed at preserving or changing political practices and institutions. The concept of ideology is split almost irreconcilably between two major senses. The first is pejorative, denoting particular, historically distorted (political) thought which reinforces certain relationships of domination and in respect of which ideology functions as a critical unmasking concept. The second is a non-pejorative assertion about the different families of cultural symbols and ideas human beings employ in perceiving, comprehending and evaluating social and political realities in general, often within a systemic framework. Those families perform significant mapping and integrating functions. A major division exists within this latter category. Some analysts claim that the study of ideology can be non-evaluative in establishing scientific facts about the way political beliefs reflect the social world and propel people to specific action within it. Others hold that ideology injects specific politically value-laden meanings into conceptualizations of the social world which are inevitably indeterminate, and is consequently a means of constructing rather than reflecting that world. This also applies to interpretations undertaken by the analysts of ideology themselves.

Pembagian Harta Waris Adat Lampung Sai Batin Kabupaten Pesisir Barat Perspektif Hukum Islam

This article discusses the analysis of Islamic law against the distribution of the community's heirs in Sai Batin Marga Pasar Krui. The system used by the native people in Sai Batin Pesisir Barat is divided into two forms: first, the native peoples in Pasar Krui use the matriarchal major division system. Women are only entitled to live in the house and manage the garden, but not to sell it. If they do not have a daughter, the boy is also allowed to get the heirs. Second, the native peoples in Way Napal use the patrilineal division system. The absolute decision is possessed by the heirs as the owner and the absolute decision-maker. To whom the treasure will be distributed and the amount of it is determined by the decision of the testator. The way used in this distribution is washiyah (will). This is because they are still hard with the customary rules and their lack of understanding of the Islamic inheritance law that part of Islamic religious rules.

Microcircuits of the Striatum

The striatum (or caudate-putamen, or caudate nucleus and putamen in those species in which they are divided by the internal capsule) is the major division of the basal ganglia, a group of structures involved in a variety of processes, including movement and cognitive and mnemonic functions. The striatum consists of a population of principal neurons, the medium-sized, densely spiny neurons (MSNs)—accounting for up to 97% of all neurons depending on species—which are the projection neurons of the striatum, several populations of GABAergic interneurons, and a population of cholinergic interneurons. The principal afferents of the striatum are glutamatergic, are derived from the cortex and thalamus, and mainly innervate the spines of MSNs. The essential computation performed by the striatum is the decision about which MSNs will fire, the consequence of which is altered firing of basal ganglia output neurons, and hence the selection of the basal ganglia–associated behavior.

Sports Nutrition Knowledge among Mid-Major Division I University Student-Athletes

Competitive athletes have goals to optimize performance and to maintain healthy body composition. Sports nutrition is a component of training programs often overlooked by student-athletes and their coaches. The purpose of this study was to examine student-athletes’ sports nutrition knowledge across sex, class level, team, and completion of prior nutrition coursework. Participants included 123 mid-major Division I university student-athletes (47 females and 76 males) from baseball, softball, men’s soccer, track and field, and tennis. The student-athletes completed a survey questionnaire to determine adequate sports nutrition knowledge (mean ≥ 75%). The overall mean sports nutrition knowledge score for the student-athletes was 56.9% which was considered inadequate sports nutrition knowledge (mean < 75%). Only 12 student-athletes achieved adequate sports nutrition knowledge score of 75% or higher. There were no differences by sex, class level, team, and completion of prior nutrition coursework. Student-athletes’ inadequate sports nutrition knowledge may place them at nutrition risk, lead to impaired performance, and affect their lean body mass and energy levels. Athletics personnel should not assume student-athletes have adequate sports nutrition knowledge. Athletic departments may make available a board certified Sports Dietitian or Registered Dietitian and offer classroom or online courses facilitating student-athletes to optimize nutrition knowledge and behaviors.