LEGAL CULTURE AND LEGISLATION ON EUTHANASIA: A NEW LEVEL OF LEGAL REGULATION OR THE COLLAPSE OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM?

Euthanasia is a voluntary withdrawal from the life of a person suffering from an incurable disease or having a disease that causes him physical and mental suffering. This practice has been used since the period of antiquity, when in Ancient Rome and Sparta, the elderly and the disabled were thrown from the mountains. The need for such a policy was explained by the inability of the state to support weak members in the conditions of regular military campaigns. A similar position was supported by the Nazis of nazi Germany, who created gas chambers as an analogue of "easy death" for disabled citizens, which included people with mental disorders; people suffering from epilepsy; disabled people with any health abnormalities; patients who had been treated for more than 5 years. In addition to persons with various pathologies, representatives of Gypsy, Jewish, and Polish nationalities were included in the same group. It becomes obvious that in such a context, euthanasia is perceived as a clear abuse of the state to dispose of the lives of its citizens. In modern foreign countries and the Russian Federation, this procedure seems to be a way to satisfy the desire of a person suffering from an incurable or severe disease of both a somatic and mental nature, in a dignified and rapid termination of his existence. To what extent such a desire to classify oneself as deceased is voluntary and conscious and whether it fits into modern legal norms is considered in the presented publication, which at the same time offers more constructive ways to help individuals in need.

Percepções dos adolescentes sobre o uso das redes sociais e sua influência na saúde mental

Objetivo: Identificar la percepción que tienen los adolescentes sobre el uso de las redes sociales y la influencia en la salud mental. Método: Investigación descriptiva-exploratoria con abordaje cuantitativo y cualitativo, realizada con adolescentes de entre diez y diecinueve años que son usuarios de las redes sociales. La muestra estuvo formada por 71 participantes seleccionados mediante la técnica de bola de nieve. El instrumento utilizado para llevar a cabo la recolección de datos fue el cuestionario online, desarrollado por los investigadores por medio de la herramienta Google Forms, y difundido a través de las redes sociales. Los datos fueron tabulados y presentados en gráficos y tablas, a través de estadísticas simples y discusión basada en literatura científica. Resultados: En cuanto al uso de redes sociales, el 100% de los encuestados respondió que las usaba con frecuencia, 27% dijo formar parte de 3 redes sociales, siendo WhatsApp e Instagram las más utilizadas, con 27% cada una. En cuanto a los riesgos de su uso, 34% de los participantes manifestó que se trataba de la divulgación de datos personales. El principal sentimiento que manifestaron en las redes fue el de vergüenza (27%); las contribuciones de las redes sociales son estudios/actualizaciones (29,5%); las consecuencias para la salud mental resultantes del uso fueron la invasión de la privacidad/divulgación de datos (20,5%) y la adicción (19,3%). Conclusión: El uso de las redes es cada vez mayor y provoca el surgimiento de nuevas formas de enfermedad, principalmente mentales, por lo tanto, es necesario que los profesionales de la salud aborden esta problemática para intervenir de forma efectiva. Objective: To identify the adolescents' perception about the use of social networks and the influence on mental health. Method: This is a descriptive-exploratory research study with a quantitative and qualitative approach, carried out with adolescents aged between ten and nineteen years old who are users of social networks. The sample consisted of 71 participants recruited using the snowball technique. The instrument used to carry out data collection was the online questionnaire, elaborated by the researchers and developed through the Google Forms tool, and disseminated through social networks, being subsequently tabulated and presented in graphs and tables, through simple statistics and discussion based on the scientific literature. Results: Regarding the use of social networks, 100% of those surveyed stated using them frequently, 27% said that they participated in 3 social networks, with WhatsApp and Instagram being the most used, with a total of 27% each. Regarding the risks of their use, 34% of the participants stated that it was disclosure of personal data. The main feeling they felt in the networks was that of embarrassment (27%); the contributions of the social networks are related to studies/updates (29.5%); and the consequences for mental health resulting from use were invasion of privacy/disclosure of data (20.5%) and addiction (19.3%). Conclusion: The use of networks is growing and causes new forms of illness to arise, mainly of a mental nature, requiring the health professional to approach this problem in order to intervene effectively. Objetivo: Objetiva-se identificar a percepção dos adolescentes sobre o uso das redes sociais e a influência na saúde mental. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva-exploratória com abordagem quanti-qualitativa, realizada com adolescentes de idade entre dez e dezenove anos que são usuários das redes sociais. A amostra consistiu em 71 participantes coletados a partir da técnica bola de neve. O instrumento utilizado para a realização da coleta de dados foi o questionário online, elaborado pelos pesquisadores e desenvolvido através da ferramenta Google Forms, e divulgado através das redes sociais, sendo posteriormente tabulados e apresentados em gráficos e tabelas, através de uma estatística simples e discussão com base na literatura científica. Resultados: Acerca do uso das redes sociais 100% dos pesquisados responderam utiliza-las com frequência, 27% afirmaram fazer parte de 3 redes sociais, sendo o WhatsApp e Instagram os mais utilizados, com um total de 27% cada uma. Acerca dos riscos do seu uso, 34% dos participantes afirmaram ser a divulgação de dados pessoais. O principal sentimento sentido por eles nas redes foi o de constrangimento (27%); as contribuições das redes sociais são estudos/atualizações (29,5%); e as consequências para a saúde mental decorrente do uso foram invasão de privacidade/divulgação de dados (20,5%) e vício (19,3%). Conclusão: O uso das redes é crescente e faz surgir novas formas de adoecimento, principalmente de ordem mental, necessitando que o profissional de saúde se aproxime dessa problemática para intervirem de forma efetiva.

COVID-19 - The invisible enemy: impacts on students' mental health and coping strategies

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unexpected historical event with an impact on all aspects of life - especially those of an occupational and mental nature. In a few months, it has altered daily life and social relations and, in addition to social distancing, isolation or quarantine, the world's population has to live with fear, insecurity and human and economic losses. Young people, particularly young women with a psychiatric history and no social support, are more vulnerable to the psycho-emotional consequences of the pandemic. The objective of this study was to observe the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of students and their coping strategies. This was an observational study with a quantitative and cross-sectional method. The sample consisted of health students from a public university in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Participants were recruited from the digital platforms in June 2020, a period of social isolation. The link to the Google forms questionnaire was made available on Instagram and WhatsApp. A total of 56 students, most of them women, answered the questionnaire. The most prevalent symptoms during social isolation were anxiety (76.8%), concern (71.4%), fear (62.5%), insomnia (60.7%) and sadness (55.4%). Anxiety, depression, and hopelessness symptoms were more prevalent in younger female students with negative health perception. Complementary therapies and conversations with friends and family stand out as coping strategies. Mental health demands a convergence of efforts and institutional actions are needed to manage the psycho-emotional and neurobiological impact of COVID-19 in an integrated and integral way.

Subject and subjectivity: V. Descombes VS S. Laugier

Despite the general applicability of philosophical concepts of the subject and subjectivity among philosophers, there is no unanimity in their understanding, even if we are talking about representatives of one philosophical trend. The subject of this article is the different understandings of subjectivity by two well-known French authors of analytical inspiration, V. Descombes and S. Laugier, which are united by the critique of the reflexive subject of the philosophy of mind, defending the idea of social mental nature, as well as appeal to the methodological resources of later Wittgenstein’s philosophy to develop the idea of a social subject. Despite their common attitudes, Descombes and Laugier are inspired by different traditions — Descombes, in general, develops the ideas of the French School of Sociology, while Laugier works in line of linguistic phenomenology, defined by the ordinary language philosophy and skeptical interpretations of Wittgenstein’s thought. Descombes builds the conception of the subject as an actor, formed not by his inside world, but by his action, the model of which is the institution of social life. Descombes’s practical subjectivity grows out of his critique of the reflexive paradigm of the philosophy of mind (consciousness) and is the actor’s ability to take the responsibility for his own actions. Instead, Laugier’s concept of «depsychologized subjectivity » focuses on the other side of the actor’s ability to act following some rule within the institutional paradigm of practice, namely the fragility and vulnerability of any human action, its defeats and difficulties, and the subject’s reluctance to be an actor and take the responsibility for his actions. Laugier defends the skeptical understanding of subjectivity as a property of the action of the delocalized subject of language and knowledge, his ability even by his inability to express the social naturalness of the human way of life.

SEMEME “EAR” IN THE REPRESENTATION OF SOMATIC CULTURAL CODE IN THE PHRASEOLOGICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD IN DARGIN AND ARABIC

The article presents the results of comparative study of ethnic peculiarities of the codification of the objective reality verbalized by the phraseological means with the somatism “ear” in the Dargin and Arabic languages. The actuality of the problem is that the comparative analysis of the somatic phraseology of the Dargin and Arabic languages with the component “ear“ in the system of anthropological linguistics has not been the focus of researchers’ attention. Phraseologisms with the sememe “ear” are the material for analysis in these two languages in the Dargin and Arabic languages chosen from the lexicographical manual books of the Dargin and Arabic languages. The subject for research is the mental nature represented in the phraseological space of somatism “ear” in the Dargin and Arabic languages. The research shows that in the thematic plan the interlanguage thesaurus of somatism “ear” reflects an overwhelming lacunarity categories of the Dargin language in the Arabic...

THE INNER GAME CONCEPT AS A METHOD OF MUSIC COACHING

Maximizing musician’s potential and creating effective performing skills in the process of their musical education and during the further professional development, as well as overcoming their own fears, doubts and limiting beliefs, particularly during performing in public, are still actual tasks both for musicians and their teachers.One effective approach to developing musician's creative potential is coaching. Coaching is based on a dialogue between the coach and the student (coachee); the coach proposes a series of questions aimed on assisting the student in finding their own solution of the problem. It has been known for a long time that the inner state of a person significantly impacts effectiveness of their actions. The Inner Game concept proposed by Timothy Gallwey is a coaching methodology designed to overcome inner obstacles in reaching person’s goals. Those obstacles are of mental nature and include loss of concentration, nervousness and self-doubt. What distinguishes the Inner Game from other coaching methods is that it utilizes statements and tasks that often do not require the student’s verbal answer (moreover, such verbal answer often cannot be given at all), but rather stimulate them to pay attention to their senses and to experiment (for example, in finding optimal position during playing an instrument or choosing proper dynamics for a certain music piece).The first principle of the Inner Game points out the fact that the quality of person’s performance depends not only on their potential (talent, skills, knowledge, etc.), but also on the level of self-interference (mental digression, untimely self-criticism, lack of confidence, fear, etc.).Traditional approach to improving performance suggests working on increasing the potential; the idea of the Inner Game is to decrease self-interference in order to bring the quality of the performance as close to the potential as possible.To describe the inner dialogue taking place inside person’s mind, notions of Self 1 and Self 2 are used. Self 1 is the source of self-interference, it contains person’s ideas about how the thins should be, their judgements and associations. Self 2 is our inner potential, it includes our natural talents, abilities and skills. The methods of the Inner Game are used to decrease self-interference (impact of the Self 1) and help the performer to enter the ideal state during performance, the state of relaxed concentration.

Communication as a Source of Ethnocultural Development

The study is relevant because in the conditions of the civil identity formation of Russian people, it is productive to take into account the genesis of the ethno-national experience of competing narratives, in which the culture of relations between the peo-ples of our country has developed. Referring to the analysis of social community it seems appropriate to use two terms: ethnos and nationality. In the dis-course about ethnos, it is advisable to focus on the cultural-philosophical analysis of its formation and development. The purpose of the study is to sub-stantiate the thesis that the subject's thinking corre-sponds to communications characteristic of a par-ticular historical era and culture. The study reveals the systemic nature of thinking and communication. The authors substantiate the idea that the ethnocul-tural originality of the communicative continuum is conditioned by the specific historical context within which the formation and development of the ethnos takes place. In this interpretation, the proposition about the purely national nature of the psycho-mental nature of a social community loses its value, and the thesis according to which specific historical experience gained in a certain communicative con-tinuum plays the main role in the formation of ethnic originality.

MEASUREMENT CATEGORY IN KAZAKH AND FRENCH

This article contains information about the presence, which is a philosophical category that determines the dialecticization of units of qualitative and prickly characteristic objects, objects. We are talking about circulation in Kazakh and French. We are talking about the lexico-semantic foundations of somatism, representative assemblies. He said that telemedicine was the first measured environment in the world to be used to gain access to information and other means for the development of cheques, and it had therefore been divided. In this regard, methodology and component analysis are being analysed in Kazakh and French. It is assumed that the mental nature of these closed goals in determining tasks and quantities, objects and species in accordance with the living conditions of people. The relevance of the main directions of development is analyzed.

The image of the Great steppe in the aspect of the new comparativity (G. Zelinsky's poem «Kirgiz» and G.D. Grebenschikov's story «Batyrbek`s Khanate»)

The article explores the image of the steppe on the material of the literary parallel: the poem of the polish poet G. Zelinsky «Kirgiz» and the story of G. Grebenshchikov «Batyrbek`s Khanate». The named works repeatedly became the subject of scientific observation by polish, russian and domestic researchers. Moreover, the focus was mainly on ethnographic commentary. The originality of the comparison undertaken within the framework of the article — the image of the steppe — but in the testing of a new perspective. Describing the phenomenon of the interaction of the artistic worlds, the authors of the article apply modern comparative approaches, shifting the emphasis from highlighting patterns in creating the image of the steppe to interpreting the origins of this process in the historical and literary perspective. The transition to the methods of comparative imagology allows you to track the formation of the image from its inception and existence up to historical projection on the modern country brand of Kazakhstan as the great steppe country. Imagological methodology authentically conveys the deep sources of parallel historical and literary processes over a long time. Textological illustrations in accordance with the scientific version of the authors prove the mental nature of the image of the steppe. The result of scientific observations is the conclusion about the productivity of new comparative approaches in the study of literary analogies

Rural intelligentsia in the conditions of transformation of agrarian sphere of modern Ukrainian society

The article provides a comparative analysis of the attitude to the village reform and other issues of its life by representatives of different groups of the rural population, especially rural intellectuals and manual workers. It is emphasized that the rural intelligentsia, which is called to become one of the main agents of village reform, as it has a higher level of potential and real social subjectivity, nevertheless does not always realize its potential in the interests of modernization of agriculture, which, in particular, features of their mentality. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the specifics of the nature of the mental worker in the agricultural sector is that often in addition to the implementation of its main functions related to position and profession, he is engaged in rural work (work on the farm, cattle care, etc.). The way of life of a rural intellectual determines the peculiarity of his mentality, which has an ambivalent character. On the one hand, the mentality of the rural intellectual is determined by his education, the mental nature of work, the level of culture, including the city culture. On the other hand, his mentality is due to the traditions of the rural community, rural labor, cultural patterns of the villager. Sociological research shows that the rural intelligentsia is less influenced by traditionalism than other social groups in the countryside; it is more willing than other peasants to leave the village. In the context of the attitude to reforms in the agricultural sector, special attention is paid to the decentralization reform, which is carried out in Ukraine and has not only economic, organizational, but also institutional and socio-cultural consequences. It is noted that these effects are manifested differently in urban and rural areas and are perceived differently by different social groups. According to the research, it is shown that the attitude to reforms in rural areas, in particular to the creation of united territorial communities (OTG), among the rural intelligentsia is more positive than among the representatives of manual labor. It is emphasized that, despite the ambivalence of the attitude of the rural intelligentsia to the OTG (according to the data presented in the article), its representatives are twice as many of their opponents than supporters; however, at the same time, the interviewed mental workers feel more like members of the new territorial-administrative formations in the countryside than other social groups living there.