scholarly journals Determination the Effects of Hyperthyroidism on Pre-Eclampsia in Women of Balochistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
Zarmina Mandokhail ◽  
Masroor Ahmad Bajwa ◽  
Irfan Shahzad Sheikh ◽  
Majed Rafeeq ◽  
Muhammad Tauseef Asmat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Radio Therapy ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Pedal Edema ◽  
Hyperthyroid Patients

Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland that reproduces hormones that regulates the body metabolic rate and other body functions. Hyperthyroidism is the dysfunction of thyroid gland which interferes during 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancies inducing pre-eclamptic disorder in pregnant women. These disorders may cause deaths as well as morbidity losses in mothers and fetus. These conditions are observed due to imbalance production of T3, T4 and TSH. Hyperthyroidism is highly associated with the onset of pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is detected by elevated levels of proteinuria as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressures. This study was conceded to discover the influence of hyperthyroidism on pre-eclamptic women of Balochistan. For the purpose, one hundred one (101) pregnant women of 15-50 years of age were selected for this study for comprehensive history, physical and medical examination according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients of different ethnic groups were examined at Out Patient Department (OPD) in Centre for Nuclear Medicine and Radio therapy (CENAR), Sandeman Provincial Hospital and Bolan Medical Complex hospital (BMC), Quetta. The study focuses on the identification of factors associated with hyperthyroidism and pre-eclampsia and to create awareness regarding this important health issue during pregnancy which may lead to eclamptic seizures during onset of full term labor and are found to be fatal for women and neonate during pregnancy. The current study revealed that out of 101 hyperthyroid patients 61.4% and 20.8% patients belong to Pashtoon and Baloch ethnic groups respectively. It was also found that 44 out of 101 patients lie in age group of 26-35 years. It was observed that highly educated, socioeconomic sound women developed less Pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia was found to be in a significant numbers (33), in hyperthyroid patients, with highest frequency of Pedal edema (36.6%).

scholarly journals Association of genetic variation with disproportionate vitamin A deficiency in pregnant women of certain ethnicities in the United States.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masako Suzuki ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Diana J Garretto ◽  
Carmen R. Isasi ◽  
Wellington V Cardoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetic Variations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Serum Retinol

Abstract Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient that plays critical roles in many biological functions of the body. Limited access to vitamin A-rich food or supplements severely affects tissue and blood levels of vitamin A. Therefore, low serum vitamin A and poverty levels are strongly associated in vitamin A deficiency (VAD) studies that have focused mainly on developing countries. The current national prevalence rate of vitamin A deficiency in the United States is reported to be very low (<1%). However, several studies, including ours, have suggested that people from certain ethnic groups still face a higher proportion of vitamin A deficiency. We hypothesize that the genetic variations between ethnic groups may associate to the VAD proportional differences between women of different ancestries. To assess the associations, we re-analyzed two independent datasets of serum retinol levels of pregnant women in the United States and three datasets of genotypic information of different ancestries. We found that pregnant women with non-Hispanic Black and with Latin American/Afro-Caribbean ancestry have strikingly high proportions of VAD compared to non-Hispanic White and Latin American/Mexican ancestry. Genotypic analyses showed that the minor allele frequencis of genetic variants that associate to serum retinol levels have significantly higher variations between these different ancestries. Our study revealed that VAD rates in the pregnant women differ between different ancestries and that ancestry-dependent genetic variations might contribute to the differences.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of the clinical course of hypothyroidism during pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
Thyroid Pathology ◽  
First Case

The article presents an analysis of resources about the course of thyroid pathology, specifically hypothyroidism, during pregnancy. This problem is of current interest, because hypothyroidism can cause infertility or miscarriage. This applies not only to overt but also to the subclinical one. The physiological changes that occur in the thyroid gland during pregnancy are described. Attention is drawn to the signs that can be mistaken for pathological. In addition, the reference values of hormonal thyroid parameters during pregnancy differ significantly from those in non-pregnant women. This should also be taken into account in the diagnosis of appropriate disorders. The presented resources data are illustrated by two clinical cases. The first case history demonstrates the deterioration of the autoimmune process on the background of the pregnancy. Interesting is the fact that this effect was delayed, ie during pregnancy, compensatory mechanisms created a proper supply of the body of a woman and two fetuses with thyroid hormones. At the same time, during lactation period there was a pronounced decompensation of the patient's condition, which was manifested by activation of autoimmune aggression against thyroid tissue with increasing titer of antithyroid antibodies, the development of overt hypothyroidism and deepening structural changes in the thyroid gland. The need for further follow-up of postpartum women with autoimmune thyroiditis is emphasized, even if no thyroid dysfunction has been reported throughout pregnancy. The second clinical case illustrates the importance of following the recommendations of the European and American thyroid associations regarding the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) during pregnancy. When planning the first pregnancy of this patient, the doctor did not pay attention to the fact that TSH level, being within normal values for non-pregnant women, did not meet international guidelines for planning a pregnancy and its first trimester. This had extremely adverse consequences in the form of two miscarriages. The prescription of an appropriate hormone replacement therapy and careful monitoring of the patient both at the planning stage and throughout the pregnancy, led to the birth of a healthy baby. Thus, compliance with the principles of management and use of the proposed treatment regimens for pregnant women with thyroid pathology will ensure the normal course of pregnancy and the birth of a healthy child.

scholarly journals Thyroid Hormones in the Human Body: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 178-182
Author(s):  
A. N. Rajalakshmi ◽  
Farghana Begam
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Thyroid Function Test ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
The Brain

Thyroid gland is an essential endocrine gland that is present in the human body.  This review highlights the production, regulation and disease conditions of the thyroid hormones.  The thyroid gland is controlled with the help of hypothalamus and the pituitary gland that is present in the brain.  The production of thyroid hormones involves five main steps such synthesis of thyroglobulin (TG), iodide uptake, iodination of thyroglobulin, storage and release.  The two important hormones produced by the thyroid gland are Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine(T3). These two hormones are iodine containing derivatives. Deficiency of iodine in the body results in the reduction of T3 and T4 production. Excess and deficiency of these two hormones result in the major diseases like Hyper and Hypothyroidism.  The synthetic forms of Thyroxine(T4) and Triiodothyronine(T3) used in the Pharmaceutical field are Levothyroxine and Liothyronine.  Women are most commonly prone to these thyroid diseases comparatively to men.  Undiagnosed disease conditions may become fatal. Levothyroxine therapy is commonly used for thyroidism which is a similar synthetic thyroid hormone.  Also natural thyroid hormones that are obtained from the dried thyroid glands of animals are available.  Thyroid function test and the measurement of T3, T4 plasma level becomes essential for the identification and regular maintenance of thyroid hormones in the body and human well-being.  

scholarly journals Anatomical and histological study of thyroid gland in female local donkeys (Eqws africanus asinus) at Basrah city

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
S. A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Left Lobe ◽  
The Body ◽  
Follicular Epithelium ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Connective Tissue Capsule ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Right Lobe ◽  
Tissue Capsule

Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland that influences many organs of the body and play an important role in the metabolism of animals and another species. Thyroid gland of female donkeys was situated in the interior part of neck inferior to the larynx. It consist of two lobes were connected by isthmus. The mean and SD of length, width, and thickness in right lobe was 25.66±0.41mm, 21.31±0.59mm, 8.51±0.009mm, while in the left lobe it was 23.15±o.16 mm. 19.65±o.22mm, 8.42±0.19mm respectively. Histologically, the thyroid gland surrounded by connective tissue capsule and contained follicles, follicular epithelium, and parafollicular cells. The follicles filled with colloid.

Adipokines: A Rainbow of Proteins with Metabolic and Endocrine Functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1204-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Parrettini ◽  
Massimiliano Cavallo ◽  
Francesco Gaggia ◽  
Riccardo Calafiore ◽  
Giovanni Luca
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Complex Organ

Obesity represents one of the most important health problems worldwide with increasing morbidity and mortality. Widespread prevalence of this disease justifies its actual definition of a “global epidemic”. Adipose tissue is nowadays considered a complex organ with lots of endocrine and metabolic functions. In addition to fulfilling its task for energy storage and thermal regulation, by virtue of its constituent white and brown cells, adipose tissue represents, considering its size, the biggest endocrine gland in the body. Both adipocytes and surrounding resident cells (macrophages, endothelial cells and others) produce a huge number of molecules, or adipokines, with endocrine or paracrine functions, that regulate various aspects of metabolism whose clinical relevance is emerging. By balancing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, the adipokines control insulin sensitivity and related glucose metabolism changes, lipid accumulation in the liver and other organs, and finally gonadal function. Collectively, literature data remains cloudy because of still conflicting results of pre-clinical and clinical studies. The aim of this review was to summarize scientific evidence about adipokines’ effects on human metabolism, by focusing on their role on either Metabolic Syndrome and NAFLD, or insulin-resistance in pregnancy, or finally, reproductive function disorders.

scholarly journals Ultrasonographic and fine needle aspiration cytology correlation of thyroid gland lesions: a study of 100 cases

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nehal R. Patel ◽  
Alpesh V. Patel ◽  
Vaibhav V. Patel ◽  
Payal R. Vadher ◽  
Manali B. Kakadia
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Thyroid Lesion ◽  
Grey Scale ◽  
Endocrine Organs ◽  
Retrospective Clinical Study ◽  
Thyroid Lesions

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Thyroid gland is unique among endocrine organs as it is the largest endocrine gland in the body and the first to develop in the fetal life. There is approximately 4-5% incidence of clinically apparent thyroid lesions in general population. The goal of USG and FNAC diagnosis work up now is to select those patients for surgery who have a high likelihood of harboring malignancy in the nodule. Ultrasonography is the single most valuable imaging modality in the evaluation of the thyroid gland. Indications for thyroid USG include evaluation for palpable thyroid lesion or suspected thyroid enlargement and workup of thyroid lesions discovered incidentally.The present study is undertaken to evaluate the utility of FNAC in preoperative diagnosis of various thyroid lesions and to evaluate the efficacy of in USG and FNAC differentiating between benign and malignant lesions.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective clinical study, 100patients, in the age group of equal to or above 18 years, with thyroid swellings, referred to the department of ENT, sent for USG and FNAC at radiology and pathology department during the period from July 2014 to July 2016.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 100 cases, 6% were malignant, 94% were benign on grey scale ultrasound. Out of 6 malignant cases 2 cases were confirmed malignant by FNAC.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> High resolution grey scale ultrasound has emerged as initial imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of patients with thyroid enlargement. Ultrasound can detect solitary nodule, multiple nodules and diffuse thyroid enlargement. It can also differentiate solid and cystic lesions.</p>

HIPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM PADA IBU HAMIL DI KLINIK BIDAN SUPRIYATI SRIBIT BERBAH SLEMAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Pramukti Dian Setianingrum ◽  
Farah Irmania Tsani
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hyperemesis Gravidarum ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World

Backgroud: The World Health Organization (WHO) explained that the number of Hyperemesis Gravidarum cases reached 12.5% of the total number of pregnancies in the world and the results of the Demographic Survey conducted in 2007, stated that 26% of women with live births experienced complications. The results of the observations conducted at the Midwife Supriyati Clinic found that pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum, with a comparison of 10 pregnant women who examined their contents there were about 4 pregnant women who complained of excessive nausea and vomiting. Objective: to determine the hyperemesis Gravidarum of pregnant mother in clinic. Methods: This study used Qualitative research methods by using a case study approach (Case Study.) Result: The description of excessive nausea of vomiting in women with Hipermemsis Gravidarum is continuous nausea and vomiting more than 10 times in one day, no appetite or vomiting when fed, the body feels weak, blood pressure decreases until the body weight decreases and interferes with daily activities days The factors that influence the occurrence of Hyperemesis Gravidarum are Hormonal, Diet, Unwanted Pregnancy, and psychology, primigravida does not affect the occurrence of Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Conclusion: Mothers who experience Hyperemesis Gravidarum feel nausea vomiting continuously more than 10 times in one day, no appetite or vomiting when fed, the body feels weak, blood pressure decreases until the weight decreases and interferes with daily activities, it is because there are several factors, namely, hormonal actors, diet, unwanted pregnancy, and psychology.

Efektivitas Aroma Terapi Lemon untuk Menangani Emesis Gravidarum

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-284
Author(s):  
Vitrianingsih Vitrianingsih ◽  
Sitti Khadijah
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
P Value ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Paired T Test

Studi memperkirakan emesis gravidarum terjadi pada 50-90% kehamilan. Mual muntah pada kehamilan memberikan dampak yang signifikan bagi tubuh dimana ibu menjadi lemah, pucat dan cairan tubuh berkurang sehingga darah menjadi kental (hemokonsentrasi). Keadaan ini dapat memperlambat peredaran darah dan berakibat pada kurangnya suplay oksigen serta makanan ke jaringan sehingga dapat membahayakan kesehatan ibu dan janin. Salah satu terapi yang aman dan dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi keluahan mual muntah pada ibu hamil adalah pemberian aromaterapi lemon. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas aroma terapi lemon untuk menangani emesis gravidarum. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan Quasi experiment  dengan  one group pre-post test design. Populasi penelitian adalah ibu hamil yang mengalami emesis gravidarum di Kecamatan Berbah, Sleman. Jumlah sampel 20 ibu hamil trimester pertama yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Pengukuran mual muntah dilakukan debelum dan setelah  pemberian aromaterapi lemon menggunakan Indeks Rhodes. Analisa data menggunakan uji Paired t-test. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata skor mual muntah sebelum pemberian aromaterapi lemon berdasarkan Indeks Rhodes pada Ibu Hamil dengan emesis gravidarum yaitu 22,1 dan terjadi penurunan skor setelah pemberian aromaterapi lemon menjadi 19,8. Ada pengaruh pemberian aromaterapi lemon dengan pengurangan mual muntah pada ibu hamil (p-value = 0.017). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan pemberian aromaterapi lemon efektif untuk mengurangi emesis gravidarum pada ibu hamil trimester pertama.  Kata kunci: aromaterapi lemon, emesis gravidarum THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON AROMATHERAPY FOR HANDLING EMESIS GRAVIDARUM   ABSTRACT Studies estimate that nausea and vomiting (emesis gravidarum) occur in 50 – 90% of pregnancies. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy have a significant impact on the body in which it makes a mother becomes weak, pale, and decreasing body fluid so that the blood becomes thick (hemoconcentration). This situation can slow down blood circulation and inflict the lack of oxygen and food supplies to the body tissues so that it can endanger the health of the mother and fetus. One of the therapies that is safe and can be conducted to reduce nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is by giving the lemon aromatherapy treatment. The research aims to determine the effectiveness of the aroma of lemon therapy to deal with emesis gravidarum. This study applied quasi-experimental research with one group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was pregnant women who experienced emesis gravidarum. Furthermore, samples were 20 mothers from Berbah, Sleman taken by using a purposive sampling technique. Nausea and vomiting were assessed between before and after giving lemon aromatherapy using the Rhodes Index. The data were analyzed using the paired t-test. The mean score of nausea and vomiting before giving lemon aromatherapy on mother with emesis gravidarum based on the Rhodes Index was 22.1. However, it decreased after given lemon aromatherapy treatment to 19.8. Therefore, there was an effect on giving lemon aromatherapy treatment toward the decrease of nausea and vomiting for pregnant women (p-value = 0.017). Lemon aromatherapy is effective to reduce emesis gravidarum.  Keywords: lemon aromatherapy, emesis gravidarum

Compensated 131I-therapy of solitary autonomous thyroid nodules: effect on thyroid size and early hypothyroidism

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laszlo Hegedüs ◽  
Dagmar Veiergang ◽  
Steen Karstrup ◽  
Jens Mølholm Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
131I Therapy ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Gland Volume ◽  
Thyroid Gland Volume ◽  
One Year ◽  
Hyperthyroid Patients

Abstract. Thyroid function and thyroid gland volume, ultrasonically determined, were investigated in 27 hyperthyroid patients with solitary autonomous thyroid nodules before and during one year after 131I-treatment. Total thyroid volume decreased gradually from 40.9 ± 3.5 ml (mean ± sem) before treatment to 23.9 ± 1.8 ml (P < 0.001) at 3 months after 131I-treatment. No further change was observed. All but two patients received only one dose of 131I, and in spite of a significant decrease also of the non-adenoma side of the gland, none became hypothyroid. We conclude that 131I-therapy has an important place in the treatment of solitary autonomous thyroid nodules since all our patients became euthyroid within 3 months, only 2 of 27 patients needed more than one dose of 131I, no cases of hypothyroidism occurred, and thyroid volume was substantially decreased.

THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: THE STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND THE WAYS OF SOLVING

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Volkova ◽  
O. D. Dygun ◽  
B. G. Lukichev ◽  
S. V. Dora ◽  
O. V. Galkina
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Low T3 ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Disturbance of the thyroid function is often detected in patients with different profiles. A special feature of patients with chronic kidney  disease is the higher incidence of various thyroid function  disturbances, especially hypothyroidism. It is known that in patients  with chronic kidney disease (CKD) iodine excretion from the body is  violated, since normally 90% of iodine is excreted in urine.  Accumulation of high concentrations of inorganic iodine leads to the  formation of the Wolf-Chaikoff effect: suppression of iodine  organization in the thyroid gland and disruption of the thyroid  hormones synthesis. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones is  also disturbed, namely, deiodinase type I activity is suppressed and  peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 is inhibited (so-called low T3  syndrome). Therefore, patients with CKD are often diagnosed with  hypothyroidism, and the origin of hypothyroidism is not always  associated with the outcome of autoimmune thyroiditis. The article  presents an overview of a large number of population studies of  thyroid gland dysfunction in patients with CKD, as well as  experimental data specifying the pathogenetic mechanisms of  thyroid dysfunction in patients with CKD. Therapeutic tactics are still  not regulated. However, in a number of studies, replacement therapy with thyroid hormones in patients with CKD had some advantages.

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