Design and Construction of the First Commercial Cheng Cycle Series 7 Cogeneration Plant

A description is given of the Cheng Cycle Engine and its application to cogeneration based upon the first commercial plant. The paper covers a description of the plant and its components, unique design features, the automatic control system and the plant operational features. Initial operating performance and NOx emission characteristics are cited.

Performance Analysis of an Indirect Fired Air Turbine Cogeneration System

A thermodynamic study of an indirect fired air turbine cogeneration system for the production of electricity and process steam has been made. Performance data showing the effect of compressor compression ratio and turbine inlet temperature on fuel utilization efficiency (first law efficiency), electrical to thermal energy ratio (power to heat ratio) and second law efficiency (exergetic efficiency) have been generated. Although fuel utilization efficiency and electrical to thermal energy ratio data do provide some useful information, it is the second law efficiency that provides the optimal design conditions. The performance data contained in this study should be useful to the decision-makers in the selection of optimal parameters at the system design stage of an indirect fired air turbine cogeneration system.

VEGA Combined Cycle Power Plants

A gas turbine is often associated with the steam cycle in the combined cycle electric power plants. Many plants of different combined cycle types are already in service, all distinguished by outstanding efficiency (45 to 47 %) and operating flexibility. We have thought it interesting to take stock of the steam and gas (VEGA) cycles especially destined for power plants. After outlining the thermodynamical optimization of the cycles, we shall develop the design and the practical realization of the combined cycle power plants.

Cogeneration Combined Cycle Achievements by the Dow Chemical Company in the Conservation of Energy

A review of the development and use of the gas turbine generator unit in The Dow Chemical Company for the cogeneration of steam and electric power energy for Dow’s major chemical complex. This review highlights the success and problems of Dow Chemical’s most recently constructed power plant at its Texas Division in Freeport, Texas. A review of Dow’s experience and developed technology to provide a reliable cogenerating plant.

Compressed Air Energy Storage: Plant Integration, Turbomachinery Development

Results of engineering and optimization of 25 MW and 50 MW turbomachinery trains for compressed air energy storage (CAES) power plant application are presented. Proposals submitted by equipment suppliers are based on commercially available equipment. Performance data and budget prices indicate that the CAES power plant is one of the most cost effective sources of providing peaking/intermediate power and load management. The paper addresses CAES power plant integration procedure and the specifics of turbomachinery design.

Gas Turbines in Cogeneration: Overall Analysis and Numerical Predictions

A methodology for the performance analysis of gas turbines for cogeneration applications is presented. Energy and exergy balances allow presentation of data in terms of either conventional or second-law parameters, as well as examination of the trends with respect to cycle variables and cogeneration options. The results show that, even though gas turbines (and particularly regenerative solutions) are very flexible for cogeneration purposes, care has to be exercised in matching thermal energy production conditions and cycle variables in order to achieve optimal performance.

A Rational Efficiency Analysis of Comparisons and Trends in Gas Turbines for Cogeneration

The performance of gas turbines in cogeneration is examined by means of a second-law approach. Different cycle parameters, for both simple and regenerative design, are investigated together with different options for process or utility heat production. A reference electric power size of 4 MW is assumed for these comparisons. Results are presented as a set of parameters (electric power index, rational efficiency, coefficient of utilization). A new parameter, named versatility index, effectively indicates the broadness of the design thermal loads which can be handled by a gas turbine plant.

Dual Energy Use Systems for Industrial, Commercial, and Building Applications

Integrated dual energy use systems, optimized to provide both electrical (or mechanical) and thermal energy for industrial process heating/cooling or for commercial and residential space conditioning needs, are energy efficient and economic alternatives to conventional single-purpose energy systems. Numerous prime movers, including diesels, gas engines, steam and gas turbines, combined cycles, and other advanced conversion systems, together with an array of different primary energy sources such as gas, oil, coal, biomass and municipal solid waste fuels and thermal storage and control strategies, can result in a complex variety of system configurations. The United Technologies Research Center (UTRC), working with the U.S. Department of Energy, the Electric Power Research Institute, and state and local governments, has developed methodologies and procedures to screen, evaluate, and select optimum dual energy use systems (DEUS) for industrial parks, commercial developments and residential applications or combinations thereof. This paper describes methodologies developed and provides examples of the dual use energy systems defined for use in: (1) single industries, (2) multiple-industry industrial parks, (3) recovery of waste heat from a nuclear fuel processing facility, and (4) burning of solid and municipal waste sources. In addition, specific sites are described which include residential, commercial and industrial developments being implemented in the Eastern and Western sections of the United States.

Large Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines for Base-Load Power Generation and Heat Cogeneration

The predominant role of large gas turbines has shifted from peaking-load duty to midrange and base-load electric power generation, especially within combined-cycle plants. Such applications require heavy-duty industrial gas turbines to ensure the same high reliability and availability for continuous service as the associated steam turbines. It is also important that the gas turbines be designed for low maintenance to minimize the necessary outage times and costs for component repair and replacement. The basic design principles and applications of Model V94 gas turbines are discussed with special reference to highly reliable and economic bulk power generation.

Measurement of Turbine Blade Temperature Using Pyrometer

This paper presents the study of application of a self-made turbine blade pyrometer to measuring rotating turbine blade temperatures in a bed testing aeroengine. The study includes the temperature measuring principle and the pyrometer system; Installation and adjustment of the double ball-floating type configuration optical head which goes through four different high temperature bulkheads; Measurement of three kinds of temperatures (the average blade temperature Ta, the average peak blade temperature Tap, and the maximum peak blade temperature Tmp) for all rotor blades of the turbine first stage. The experimental data analysis reveals that the first attempt of application of this pyrometer is successful. The measurement errors in the temperature range of 550–1200° C are within ±1% of calculated blade temperatures.