Role of Liposomes Composite as Drug Transport Mechanism

Liposomes are spherical shaped vesicles comprising of at least one phospholipid bilayer that serve as a novel drug delivery framework. They are microscopic structures in which a fluid system is totally encased by a film made out of lipid bilayers. It varies in size, conformation, charge and drug transporter stacked with assortment of particles, for example, small molecules of drug, plasmids, nucleotides or proteins and so on. Ongoing advances in nanotherapeutics have brought about engineered liposomes rising in nanomedicine, giving better restorative control of diseased states. This has made ready for the improvement of second-stage liposomes for increased efficiency and could at last lead to a change in perspective from the regular drug delivery methods.

Biomaterials for Cell Regeneration

Biomaterial sciences approaches are as of now crucial systems for the improvement of regenerative cell and medication. Present day material advances take into consideration the improvement of inventive biomaterials that nearly compare to prerequisites of the current biomedical application. A few biomaterials helpful for unmistakable applications in restorative sciences, incorporating into tissue repair and organ reproduction. Natural materials for example, agarose, collagen, alginate, chitosan or fibrin completely coordinate with living tissues of the beneficiary and have low cytotoxicity. Biomaterials, for example, ceramics and metals, are now utilized as inserts to supplant or enhance the usefulness of the harmed tissue or organ. Additionally, the constant advancement of present day innovation opens new experiences of polymeric and smart material applications. Biomaterials may improve the immature microorganisms organic movement and their usage by setting up an explicit microenvironment emulating characteristic cell specialty.

Hybrid Materials based on Silica Nanostructures for Biomedical Scaffolds (Bone Regeneration) and Drug Delivery

Silica nanoparticles with nanoporous nature are introduced as thermally and chemically stable nanomaterials with controllable porosity and morphology. The nanoparticles can be divided into three groups: microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous based on the porous size. The use of these materials for different applications is associated with their unique properties as disinfectants. This chapter discusses different synthesis methodologies to prepare well-dispersed mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and hollow silica nanoparticles (HSNs) with tunable dimensions ranging from a few to hundreds of nanometers of different mesostructures. Several good characteristics of the MSNs, best biocompatibility and low toxicity, are proposed as the basis of the carrier for the controlled release of drugs, genes into living cells and bone regeneration.

Nanohybrids for Wound Healing Application

The microfluidics-delivered nanohybrids invest the framework with an arranged course from wound discovery, receptive oxygen species rummaging and drug release. The drug release conduct mirrors the dynamic wound healing process, hence rendering an upgraded bio-mimetic regeneration. The properties of nanomaterials that are 1– 100 nm in size can be controlled to influence their capacities while connecting with biomaterials and biomedicines. Among the different sorts of nanomaterials, the clay minerals are universal in soils and viewed as protected materials for use in medicinal applications. Anti-bacterial activity is a vital factor for wound healing. Re-epithelization happens amid wound healing and includes the expansion of keratinocytes and the separation of fibroblasts. Ongoing improvements in nanotechnology for blending nanometer-estimate materials may give a chance to empowering viable wound healing because of material surface collaboration with cells and tissue.

Gelatin Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications

Gelatin is one of the most popular natural polymers which is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, biomedical and cosmetic industries. The gelatin has been prepared from different sources such as porcine skin, cattle bone, and fish, etc. Depending on the type of acidic and alkali extraction processes the type of gelatin A and B were obtained. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of preparation of gelatin base hydrogel. Furthermore, we evaluate their method of crosslinking through Schift-base, Mischeal-addition-based, light, UV, chemical, and physical crosslinking. Moreover, due to the unique properties of gelatin they have the ability to immobilize cells and can be applied for stem cell and drug delivery in biomedical applications.

Application of Biopolymeric Electrospun Nanofibers in Biological Science

Biopolymers are those class of macromolecules which are found in nature or extracted from the living organisms. Various structures and properties of the biopolymers-based materials are well researched till to date. These mainly includes hydrogels, bio glasses, bio inks, biocomposites, fibers and others. These biopolymers-based structures have some limitations. However, Biopolymers have some common advantages (i.e., non-toxicity, easy availability, monodispersity, degradability, and better solubility etc.) and disadvantages (i.e., poor thermal and chemical stabilities, brittleness etc.). To overcome these disadvantages, it is necessary to tailor these polymers by few emerging techniques like “Electrospinning”. Electrospinning is one of the easiest techniques to prepare nanofibers from polymeric solutions by applying high voltage. Obtained nano/micro structural polymeric fibers have good properties like high surface area, porosity and low weights etc. The materials having high surface area and porosity can easily interact with cells and tissues, are better mobile vehicles for drugs, as well as possess good filtration and adsorption abilities. Thus, these one-dimensional structures of the biopolymers are very useful in various fields of biomedical especially water sanitation/desalination, tissue engineering, drug delivery and scaffolds. Various biopolymers like chitosan, chitin, sodium alginate, guar gum, polylactic acid and others are successfully fabricated as fibers and used in various fields of biomedical.

Bioresorbable Metals for Cardiovascular and Fracture Repair Implants

The potential of bioresorbable metals to revolutionize current and future medical devices fascinates researchers. Magnesium, iron, and zinc have been thoroughly studied for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases or to repair fractures. Iron was the first type of metal being researched and introduced in biomedical applications. Magnesium is the most studied one, it has been tested by clinical trials and commercially available products have been already developed. The interest in zinc has recently emerged and is continuously growing. This chapter offers an overview of the role that Mg, Fe, and Zn are playing advancing the evolution of bioresorbable implants.

Hybrid Magneto-Plasmonic Nanoparticles in Biomedicine: Fundamentals, Synthesis and Applications

Magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles have attracted increasing attention from the scientific community due to their promising properties and high applicability. Thanks to the development of new synthesis routes, it has been possible to use this kind of nanostructures in different biomedical applications such as dual imaging, combined treatments or biodetection. However, there is still a lack of biocompatible materials with suitable magneto-plasmonic features to translate all these advances to clinical studies.

Biosensors Based on Graphene

Today, development of rapid and sensitive methods for direct detection of foodborne pathogens appeared as crucial matter due to their impact on human health. In this manner, graphene-based nanomaterials have received much attention as reliable electrochemical biosensors due to their exceptional combination of intrinsic properties such as high conductivity, stability and biocompatibility. The scope of this chapter is to provide a brief history of the electrochemical biosensors used for the detection of microbial pathogens and recent progress of graphene used in electrochemical biosensors for foodborne pathogens detection.

Development of Hybrid Materials Based on Polymers for Biomedical Applications: A Short Introduction

This chapter is focused on some of the most important polymers used for preparing hybrid materials applied in biomedicine. The work is divided into two parts: Non-degradable polymers used for hybrid materials in implants and degradable polymers employed to fabricate biomedical implants and devices. Each part describes the main characteristics of these structures, followed by a list of the most significant polymers and derivatives. This brief introduction could be useful for industry, students, or people interested in the recent advances of biomedical applications where polymers play an important role.